BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Latin America: Case Studies . Richard G. Boehm and Sent Visser Locality and Rurality: Economy and Society in Rural Regions . Tony Bradley And Philip Lowe The City and the Grassroots . Manuel Castells Geopolitics and Conflict in South America. Quarrels among Neighbors . Jack Child Post-Industrial America: A Geographical Perspective . David Clark Coastal Research: UK Perspectives . Malcolm W. Clark A Rural Policy for the EEC? Hugh Clout Peasant Agriculture in Assam: A Structural Analysis . M. M. Das . Environmental Change and Tropical Geomorphology . I. Douglas and T. Spencer Advances in Abandoned Settlement Analysis: Application to Prehistoric Anthrosols in Colombia, South America . Robert C. Eidt Measuring Culture . Jonathan L. Gross and Steve Rayner North America: A Human Geography . Paul Guinness and Michael Bradshaw A Geographical Bibliography for American Libraries . Chauncy D. Harris et al. Geography and the Urban Environment: Progress in Research and Applications, Vol. VI . D. T. Herbert and R. J. Johnston Changes in Global Climate: A Study of the Effect of Radiation and Other Factors During the Present Century . K. Ya . Kondrat'ev . Rural Development and the State: Contradictions and Dilemmas in Developing Countries . David A. M. Lea and D. P. Chaudhri The Martial Metropolis: U.S. Cities in War and Peace . Roger W. Lotchin The Climate of the Earth . Paul E. Lydolph . Weather and Climate . Paul E. Lydolph . Spatial Divisions of Labor: Social Structures and the Geography of Production . Doreen Massey . Panorama of the Soviet Union . N. Mikhailov . Soviet Armenia . K. S. Demirchian . USSR: Geography of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period . K. Spidchenko . Planung und Verwirklichung der Wiener Ringstrassenzone (Planning and Materialization of the Ringstrasse-Zone of Vienna). Kurt Mollik , Hermann Reining , Rudolf Wurzer . The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War Gerald D. Nash . An Overview of the Survey of Income and Program Participation . Dawn Nelson , David Mc Millen, and Daniel Kasprzyk . Phenomenology, Science and Geography: Spatiality and the Human Sciences . John Pickles . Biological Diversification in the Tropics . Ghillean T. Prance Die Wanderviehwirtschaft im gebirgigen Westen der U.S.A. und ihre Auswirkungen im Naturraum . Gisbert Rinschede . Social and Economic Aspects of Radioactive Waste Disposal: Considerations for Institutional Management . World-Wide Weather . K. Takahashi Coastal Geomorphology in Australia . B. G. Thom Settlement System in Rural India: A Case Study of the Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab . Ram Chandra Tiwari . Computer Programming for Geographers . David J. Unwin and John A. Dawson . Late Quaternary Environments of the Soviet Union . A. A. Velichko, ed . H. E. Wright , Jr. and C. W. Barnosky Ethics in Planning . Martin Wachs     

Situated justice in environmental decision-making: Lessons from river management in Southeastern Australia

The practical application of environmental justice in natural resource management depends upon moving beyond generic principles to situated understanding. This understanding in turn requires knowledge of both historical and geographical contexts, including how decision-making frameworks develop and the nature of the biophysical environment itself. This paper examines these requirements based on case material from the Hunter Valley, New South Wales. In the Hunter Valley, the colonial history of river management was one of the creation, and subsequent inclusion and exclusion, of particular ‘stakes’ from the decision-making process, resulting in a narrowly defined ‘community of justice’ that became institutionalised at the catchment scale. However, even within this restricted community, distributive injustices occurred due to a failure of policy to engage with environmental variability at both spatial and temporal scales. This combination of procedural injustice and environmental variability also resulted in ecological injustice - that is a disconnected or even antagonistic human-nature relationship that restricted the opportunity to redress the severe degradation of riverine ecosystems that had occurred since European settlement. In the light of these examples, broader challenges in the application of environmental justice to river management are explored in terms of ecological complexity and contested perceptions of environmental health. Based on this material, a historically and geographically situated, ecologically informed vision of environmental justice is proposed as an essential part of sustainable river management.     

Global environmental sustainability: Intragenerational equity and conceptions of justice in multilateral environmental regimes

With specific focus on two environmental regimes (the Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and the Climate Change Convention), this paper seeks to indicate the prospects and limitations of the aspirations for distributive justice by the political South within the context of sustainability in general, and the institutions for global environmental governance in particular. It is argued that while these aspirations have produced important normative shifts in the rule-structure of global environmental management, they have not proved momentous enough to generate policies outside of what the prevailing neoliberal socio-economic regime might permit. Hence, although the texts of global environmental agreements accommodate concepts that express egalitarian notions of justice, core policies remain firmly rooted in market-based neoliberal interpretations of justice, which mainly serve to sustain the status quo.     

The whole systems energy injustice of four European low-carbon transitions

The need for multi-scalar analysis of energy and low-carbon systems is becoming more apparent as a way to assess the holistic socioeconomic and environmental impacts of energy transitions across a variety of scales and lifecycle stages. This paper conducts a whole systems energy justice analysis of four European low-carbon transitions—nuclear power in France, smart meters in Great Britain, electric vehicles in Norway, and solar photovoltaic panels in Germany. It asks: in what ways may each of these transitions result in injustices that extend beyond communities and countries, i.e., across the whole system? It utilizes a mixed-methods research design based on 64 semi-structured research interviews with experts across all four transitions, five public focus groups, and the collection of 58 comments from twelve public internet forums to answer this question. Drawing inductively from these data, the paper identifies and analyzes 44 injustices spread across three spatial scales. Micro scale injustices concern immediate local impacts on family livelihood, community health and the environment. Meso scale injustices include national-scale issues such as rising prices for electricity and gas or unequal access to low-carbon technology. Macro scale injustices include global issues such as the extraction of minerals and metals and the circulation of waste flows. The paper then discusses these collective injustices in terms of their spatiality and temporality, before offering conclusions for energy and climate research and policy.     

黄土丘陵区乡村国土空间安全评价及其影响因素研究——以临洮县为例

乡村国土空间安全不仅是保障国家粮食安全的基础,更是实现生态文明建设和乡村振兴的重要基础。以黄土丘陵区为研究区,基于遥感数据和统计数据等数据,定量评价了临洮县18个乡镇323个行政村的国土空间安全,并借助地理探测器识别了影响乡村国土空间安全的因素。结果表明：（1）临洮县乡村国土空间安全整体处于中等水平,表现为：生活空间安全水平>生产空间安全水平>生态空间安全水平。安全水平较高的乡村（69.73%）主要分布在洮河川区灌溉农业区,而低等安全水平的乡村（30.27%）主要分布在县域北部与东部丘陵山地的旱作农业区。（2）临洮县乡村国土空间安全空间分布有较强的空间自相关性,局部空间分布以高-高（18.52%）、低-高（0.62%）、低-低（9.26%）这3种类型为主,且集聚分布特征明显。（3）地形地势、人口规模、政府投入及区位联系对临洮县的乡村国土空间安全水平具有显著影响,且对不同乡镇其影响程度有显著差异。     

时空行为视角下的实时空气污染暴露对居民日常活动满意度的影响研究——以北京市美和园社区为例

已有关于空气污染与幸福感的文献主要使用空气质量监测点的数据探讨基于居住地的静态污染暴露与居民长期幸福感的关系,缺乏考虑时空行为视角下的实时动态空气污染暴露对日常活动满意度的影响机理。根据2017年北京居民日常活动与环境健康调查数据,探讨不同活动属性的主客观空气污染暴露及活动满意度的时空差异,分析基于实时空气污染暴露的社会分异,并利用结构方程模型挖掘个人社会经济属性、居民日常活动特征、以及不同活动地点实时测度和主观感知的空气污染水平对活动满意度的影响机制及作用路径。结果表明：不同社会经济属性群体由于日常活动所处的微观环境不同,承受的实时空气污染暴露存在显著的社会分异;客观空气污染对活动满意度的直接影响并不显著,但能显著影响主观空气污染评价,而主观空气污染评价则能显著降低活动满意度,因此客观空气污染主要通过影响主观污染评价进而对活动满意度产生显著的间接效应。此外,空气污染会调节社会经济属性对活动满意度的影响效应。     

生态文明理念下的国土空间均衡：基于两种财富的分析框架

国土空间均衡是生态文明建设与国土空间治理的重要目标。本文首先在“两山”理论与强弱可持续理论的指导下,基于生态财富与物质财富的二分法,探究国土空间均衡的内涵要义及状态评估模型;其次,通过生态财富与物质财富的特性差异及互动机制分析来探讨国土空间均衡的实现机制;最后,基于具体国土空间单元均衡状态的演进分析,研究整体国土空间均衡实现的可行路径。结果显示：① 基于两种财富的国土空间均衡的内涵即人均物质财富以及人均生态财富在空间上的双收敛,且各空间均收敛于较理想的水平值。② 整体性的国土空间均衡状态将会出现“一均衡、三失衡”四种情形。促进两种财富的良性互动,增强协同效应,减少权衡关系,是实现国土空间均衡的关键。③ 国土空间单元的均衡状态可划分为低等均衡或全面失衡、发展失衡、生态失衡、协调均衡四种,促进各具体国土空间单元向高阶均衡状态演进是实现整体国土空间均衡的可行路径。依循两种财富的互动机制与国土空间单元均衡状态的演进规律来指导具体国土空间单元的开发与保护,有利于实现整体的国土空间均衡。     

基于土地利用转移流的国土空间格局演变及其驱动机制研究——以宁夏原州区为例

提出了基于土地利用转移流的溯源分析法,结合社会网络分析方法与核密度分析法,探究了2000—2018年原州区国土空间格局演变及其动力机制。结果表明：（1） 原州区的三生空间向生产空间增效、生活空间扩容、生态空间提质的方向演化,生产、生活和生态用地结构由2000年的44.76%、2.90%、52.34%调整为2018年的41.17%、6.29%、52.54%。（2） 原州区的三生空间变化与现行国土空间优化目标有较高的契合度,生态用地的转入主要发生在不宜耕作或不宜居住的区域,体现“生态空间山清水秀”导向;生产空间通过坡改梯田、提供灌溉条件以提升水土资源集约利用水平,体现“生产空间集约高效”导向;生活空间的扩张主要发生在居住条件更为适宜的河谷区,体现“生活空间宜居”导向。（3） 三生空间格局演变表现出明显的空间集聚性,呈现出六盘山阴湿区为带状高值区、黄土丘陵沟壑区为散点高值区、清水河谷为团块状高值区的特征,且不同地类变化的空间集聚性特征有所不同。（4） 基于土地利用转移流溯源法提出了原州区三生空间演变的“动力-响应-结果”传导性动力机制;生态建设是国土空间格局演变最重要的驱动力,其次是水土资源集约利用,二者为国土空间格局优化作出重要贡献;水土流失是各类用地向未利用地转化的重要动力,今后仍需加大对水土流失的治理。通过探究经济与生态双重制约区国土空间变化特征及其动力机制,为国土空间优化提供决策参考。     

基于CiteSpace的国土空间用途分区研究进展

利用CiteSpace文献可视化软件和文献计量分析方法,分析1979—2020年CNKI期刊数据库中国国土空间用途分区研究的662篇相关文献,系统梳理其研究动态和发展脉络。结果发现：1）国土空间用途分区成果不断涌现,发文量总体呈上升趋势。总体可划分为土地用途分区（1992—2006年）、自然生态空间用途分区（2007—2017年）和国土空间用途分区（2018年至今）3个阶段,发文作者之间合作密切,形成具有规模的科研集群,“土地利用”这一关键词具有0.28的高中心性。2）国土空间用途分区研究政策导向性强,内容不断深化。分区理论、分区体系不断优化;研究方法从定性或定量转变为结合现代科学技术的应用;分区管制研究大多集中于现存问题发现、国外经验启示和分区实践研究3个方面。针对已有研究内容较为传统,科学验证研究不深,理论总结升华不够,以及对多学科融合和大数据的运用不足等问题,提出未来研究重点应包括：开展国土空间用途分区相关理论研究,深化生态空间、海洋空间与乡村建设空间用途分区研究,结合国土空间用途管制体系构建需求拓宽国土空间用途分区研究视角,基于多学科交叉融合开展方法与技术的创新应用等4个方面。     

朝向马克思主义地理学：探寻城市化与正义问题的本质——哈维著《社会正义与城市》述评

马克思主义地理学既是人文地理学的重要流派,也深刻影响了其他学科领域。大卫·哈维的《社会正义与城市》是马克思主义地理学的奠基之作。由于该书理论性强,涉及很多大而复杂的问题,因而也很难解读。哈维试图从整体视角理解和剖析城市(化)问题,创新了“社会进程—空间形式”的理论。通过比较自由主义与马克思主义的城市研究方法论,得出理论的本质在于方法和哲学的综合,空间的本质在于人的实践,正义的本质取决于社会进程的运行,城市化的本质是资本生产的需要和产物的结论。该书开创了马克思主义地理学的知识地基,开辟了城市研究的批判路径,开拓了当代马克思主义的生长点。中国知识分子应该密切关注不平衡的城市化,提出新发展阶段的“城市总问题”,坚持和强化思想研究,通过对不同经典理论的症候阅读,围绕时代问题大胆进行理论革命。