基于领海基线外推领海、毗连区和专属经济区的2种算法及其比较

由于领海基线一般由折线组成且地球表面为球面,基于领海基线外推领海、毗连区和专属经济区的实际计算存在困难。文章基于交圆法设计最短距离法和椭圆法2种算法并对其优劣性进行比较,研究表明:外推12nmile领海和24nmile毗连区的界线基本与外推的领海基线平行,外推200nmile专属经济区的界线形状变化较大;最短距离法精度高但计算量较大,椭圆法所需计算时间短但精度较低且没有消除误差。     

我国领海基线向陆一侧“内水”的涵义

我国的《领海及毗连区法》第2条规定:"领海基线向陆地一侧的水域为中华人民共和国的内水"。我国的《海域使用管理法》第2条规定:"本法所称内水,是指中华人民共和国领海基线向陆地一侧至海岸线的海域"。"两法"对"内水"的定义有水域和海域之分,因此容易引起解读上的分歧或执法上的模糊。分歧之一是,根据《海域使用管理法》,从领海基线向陆地一侧至海岸线部分,是否包括河口、海湾、滩涂等"内水";分歧之二是,根据《领海及毗连区法》,是否认定一部分"内水"即内海是由直线基线法所致。为什么"两法"对"内水"有水域和海域两种不同的定义?其一,"两法"针对的客体不同,《领海及毗连区法》针对的客体是国际或国外,该法的主体是国家主权;《海域使用管理法》针对的客体是国内海域,该法的主体是国内海域的使用管理。《联合国海洋法公约》(以下称《公约》)规定"领海基线向陆一面的水域构成国家‘内水’的一部分",那么另一部分"内水"就是正常基线向陆一侧的水域,包括江、河、海湾等,它完全置于国家领土主权之下。其二,用专业术语上的海岸线替代《海域使用管理法》中的海岸线会出现矛盾。专业术语上同指水陆分界线的有海岸线和"干出线"两种。前者是涨潮时离岸最近的线,后者是退潮时离岸最远的线,依据《公约》规定:"测算领海宽度的正常基线是沿海国官方承认的大比例尺海图所标明的沿岸低潮线,即退潮时海水离岸最远的那条线",所以低潮线更加符合《公约》和《海域使用管理法》中海岸线的定义,怎样理解海岸线才不会出现矛盾呢?本文认为,完全意义上的海岸线是大潮高潮线与低潮线之间的一条带状面,这个面有时被水淹没,有时出露,且宽窄不等,陡缓不一。当解读了《公约》的有关条款后,就不难理解领海基线向陆地一侧至海岸线的水域中有盐度为0.05~30和30~36范围的"内水"存在,盐度范围为0.05~30的"内水"是指按正常基线法划定领海基线而出现的"内水",包括水域和海域;盐度范围为30~36的"内水"是指按正常基线与按直线基线法划定的领海基线之间出现的"内水",即内海。它们在法律层面上有主从之分,不能混淆。     

The scientific foundation of Major Function Oriented Zoning in China

Major function oriented zoning (MFOZ hereafter) is the guideline for optimizing the spatial pattern of regional development in China, which entails both theoretical and methodological innovation in the academic field of economic geography. This study analyzes the basic features of territorial function and puts forward a spatial equilibrium model for regional development for the first time. It argues that there exists a trend of regional convergence in the average value which indicates the comprehensive development status of any region. Based on this finding, the study illustrates that the formation of functional zone should be conducive to the narrowing of regional gap and that free flow of resources between regions is the prerequisite to spatial equilibrium. It also investigates the impact of territorial functional evolution on the process of spatial equilibrium and suggests that the maximization of benefits derived from zoning proposal is interrelative with the method of regional division and the degree of understanding towards the temporal changes of territorial function. Furthermore, this study goes on to examine the scientific foundation of several issues concerning the reconciliation between contradictory functions of development and protection, the selection of indicators and the spatial and temporal features of MFOZ. It is then probes into the rationality of achieving dual goals of efficiency and equality simultaneously through three-dimensional flow and spatial equilibrium. The paper ends with discussions on the position, implementation and coordination of MFOZ from the perspective of institutional arrangements of spatial governance including law, planning and government policy.     

浅谈“多规合一”到国土空间规划的演变

进行"多规合一"的研究和国土空间规划的编制探索是我国目前正在进行的一项广泛实践活动,本文从"多规合一"概念的提出、探索过程、成果应用出发,简述了从"多规合一"到国土空间规划的演变。通过相关工作的实践和探索,形成"一本规划、一张蓝图",为空间规划体系的构建提供经验。     

城市绿地空间环境公平研究进展

始于1980年代的环境公平研究近年来重点转向环境资源,尤其是公园绿地在不同族群和不同收入人群中的空间分布。经过对国内外文献的梳理,从绿地空间环境公平研究主题、绿地公平性影响因素及其测度指标和方法进行了系统综述。分析发现：1）国内外关于绿地空间环境公平的研究主要集中在近十年,呈现稳步增长的态势。总体上从环境公平视角来关注城市绿地空间的研究仍不多,案例绝大多数来自发达国家的城市,更多集中在美国;2）研究主题集中在可进入性与环境公平、绿地空间改造与环境绅士化、绿地使用中的文化公平与环境公平问题以及绿地环境公平感知与地方依恋四个方面;3）城市绿地公平性的测度最常用的是可达性、服务面积等绿地供给性指标,近年越来越多研究开始使用绿地供给与使用者需求的综合测度指标。最后,基于中国快速城市化和快速工业化带来日益紧张的土地利用冲突与经济发展压力,再加上中国特殊的人口、环境特征与文化背景,中国城市普遍面临着对绿地空间需求的日益增长,未来应特别重视城市绿地空间的环境公平问题。     

Environmental justice in urban greening for subtropical Asian cities: the view from Taipei

Whilst an extensive body of literature exists on the environmental justice implications of urban greening in North America, Europe and to an extent Australasia, there are fewer analogous studies for tropical zone Asian city contexts. Given increasing global interest in the potential for urban greenspace to contribute to resilience in the face of environmental change and the higher vulnerability of Asian cities to environmental shocks, this is a notable gap. In response, this paper evaluates the contours of environmental justice debates within urban greenspace planning for one subtropical Asian city—Taipei. Through analysis of newspaper reporting on urban greenspace planning within Taipei, the potential and limitations of greenspace planning in contributing to equitably delivering benefits from urban greenspace towards resilience are assessed. Findings suggest that claims to environmental injustice in greenspace debates within Taipei follow broadly similar lines to controversies in Europe and North America. Nevertheless, the need for specific knowledge to understand the different ecosystem services provided by tropical zone ecosystems, and the potential for conflicts over greenspace versus development to be heightened in dense Asian city settings, are highlighted as potential areas where environmental justice debates in an Asian urban greening context may differ from Western cities.     

中国主体功能区核心—边缘结构解析

中国主体功能区划作为一张综合展示未来中国国土开发与保护格局的前景图,实际上是城市化地区、农业发展地区和生态安全地区三者按照一定法则和规律构成并演化着,维持着中国国土开发的有序性。本文以城市化地区、农业发展地区和生态安全地区三者比例关系、采用特征点—轴—面—向量测度核心—边缘结构的整体格局和内部结构差异,从自然地理空间分异、社会经济空间组织和功能区相互作用三个维度解析。结果表明,全国各个省域普遍存在核心—边缘结构,即城市化地区、农业发展地区和生态安全地区三者的比例关系随着到核心的距离呈现圈层式的空间分异规律,但核心位置、轴线走向、边缘功能属性、内部功能占比等有所差异。西部省份以城市化、农业发展和生态安全圈层分异明显,几乎所有的生态安全地区被指向为边缘地区;中部省份边缘区域农业发展占比有所增加,而沿海省份普遍存在多个核心,城市化地区主导核心区域。通过因素解析可知,主体功能区核心—边缘结构由自然地理空间分异、社会经济空间组织和区域空间联系等综合作用产生。西部省份核心—边缘受主要地理界线影响较大,东部平原地区核心—边缘受已有城镇体系结构、社会经济的布局、区域联系强度影响较大。自然地理环境约束越弱的区域,社会经济发展以及区域联系强度的影响愈加显著。     

The formation, evolution and optimazation of territorial structure in the southern China

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Contesting climate justice in the city: Examining politics and practice in urban climate change experiments

Debates about climate justice have mainly occurred at the international scale, and have focussed on the rights and responsibilities of nation-states to either be protected from the effects of climate change, or to take action to reduce emissions or support adaptation. In this paper, we argue that it is both productive and necessary to examine how climate justice is being pursued at the urban scale, which brings into focus the need for attention to issues of recognition as well as rights and responsibilities. Building on work from environmental justice, which has conceptualized justice as trivalent, we propose that climate justice can be understood as a pyramid, the faces of which are distributions, procedures, rights, responsibilities and recognition. We then apply this conceptual framework to examine climate change interventions in five cities; Bangalore, Monterrey, Hong Kong, Philadelphia and Berlin. Arguing that the politics and practices of urban climate change interventions are constantly engaging with and refracting the idea of justice, we examine how justice was articulated, practiced and contested across our cases. The perspective of recognition emerges as a particularly useful entry point through which to explore the types of rights, responsibilities, distributions and procedures required to respond justly to climate change. We conclude by reflecting on our framework, arguing that it is useful both as an analytical device to interrogate climate justice and to shape the design of climate change interventions which seek to ensure climate justice.     

Climate justice and the Caribbean: An introduction

Climate change is affecting Caribbean nations in a significant manner. Yet there is limited research on the varied effects on these island states and the ways in which adaptation has occurred. This paper introduces the idea of climate justice for the Caribbean region, highlighting a series of papers focused on climate justice concerns.