西安市区地热井止水问题探讨

针对西安地区地热井存在的止水质量以及对生活用水的污染问题,本文提出止水位置和三种永久性止水方法。     

The macrobenthic fauna of a former perennial and now episodically filled mexican saline lake

Totolcingo (El Carmen), a large and now episodically filled playa lake in the east-ernmost portion of the Mexican Plateau, filled with water in 1993. Water persisted for just one month (May). Alkaline (pH 10), saline (K₂₅ up to 30,000S/cm) waters, dominated by NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃, characterized the lake. The fauna was depauperate. The components of the fauna wereEphydra (Hydropyrus)hians Say (ephydrid),Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède (tubificid), andBerosus sp. (Coleoptera). The species in the lake were widely dispersed and typical inhabitants of saline lakes. Possible reasons for the depauperate fauna include (a) overall physical and chemical conditions, (b) unpredictable hydrology, and (c) the short (one month) inundation period prevented colonization.     

Chemical evidence of water movements in the deepest part of Lake Leman (Lake Geneva)

Regular surveys of bottom water chemistry (SiO₂, O₂, Fe, Mn) have been carried from 1978 to 1986 in the deepest 30 m of Lake Léman (max. depth 309 m) including interface waters sampled with a Jenkins Mortimer corer. When compared to normal chemical gradients near bottom, i.e. O₂ decrease and SiO₂ increase, three types of anomalies (lens, interface, and behaviour) have been observed on O₂ and SiO₂, the most sensitive chemical species. These anomalies were found throughout the year, in several stations of the deepest part of the lake and even along the slope of the lake basin. Major anomalies (O₂ + 3 to 10 mg ·l^–1; SiO₂ -1 to 2 mg·l^–1) were generally found at the sediment water interface and may extend 10–20 m above the sediment and last 10 weeks. Others marked lens anomalies could be observed for 3 to 4 months. Several mechanisms are probably responsible for this injection of surface waters along the lake slope (accumulation of turbid water on lake banks after severe windstorms; river density currents due to temperature and/or turbidity difference with lake waters). These water-inputs do not represent important volumes ( 1% total lake volume) but, when occuring at the interface, they ensure a sufficient oxygen level to prevent diffusion of phosphate and ammonia from pore waters when winter lake overturns do not reach bottom layers (from 1972 to 1980). Complete overturns, as observed in 1980/81, are connected with major interface anomalies (bottom O₂ moves up from 2 to 10 mg·l^–1) occuring before surface mixing reaches the deepest layers.     

Factors Affecting the Wintering Habitat of Major Fishery Resources in Southwestern Korean Waters

We investigated the temperature and salinity effects on the major fish species in the wintering grounds based on trawl surveys and oceanographic observations in the southwestern waters of Korea during March-early April in 2002-2003. The influence area of warm Kuroshio water was limited to the southwestern area of Korea in 2003 with a range of 7.7-16.3°C, 32.54-34.70 of salinity, wider than that of 2002. The number of fish species and density of major fish species in 2003 were higher than in 2002. Geographical estimation showed high proportions of species number and catches in the areas around Jeju Islands, southwestern waters and the southeastern coast of Korea. Five species; silver pomfret (Pampus echinogaster), hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus), anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) and yellow goosefish (Lophius litulon) were most abundant, composing above 60% of the total catch in 2002 and 2003. More than 50% of catch in the major fish species were mostly distributed in the range of 9.5-11.0°C of temperature and 33.1-33.9 of salinity. Non-parametric estimation for the major species showed the 1st mode around 10°C and the 2nd mode at 8-9°C in 2002 and 11-14°C in 2003. A m o n g major fish species, hairtail was principally composed of juveniles, and larger individuals were caught in southeastern waters. These results are considered to be helpful for the areabased fishery management strategy for the wintering grounds of the Yellow Sea and coastal waters of Korea.     

南沙群岛珊瑚礁海域黑边鳍真鲨的年龄与生长

利用脊椎骨鉴定 2004年5～7月于南沙群岛珊瑚礁海域捕获的黑边鳍真鲨的年龄,进一步推算其Von Bertalanffy生长方程.结果表明：南沙群岛珊瑚礁海域黑边鳍真鲨优势年龄组为雌性5～7a,雄性4～7a;v-b生长方程相关参数为：K=0.127,L∞=188cm,t0＝-1.442a;其重量生长的拐点年龄为8.22a.     

虾池浮游植物群落特征及其与虾病的关系

１９９１年６月至９月对大连地区３个虾场养殖的中国对虾及虾池浮游植物群落进行了调查，研究了虾池浮植物群落的组成结构、数量分布、演替特征及其与虾病之间的关系。结果表明，虾池浮游植物群落组成和数量分布具有较大的突发性；优势种单一，多为赤潮生物种类，有些种类原本为底栖生物；群落演替时间短，变化快；养殖对虾发病症状为红腿和黄鳃，严重出现死亡。浮游植物的总量尤其是赤潮种类的总量与对虾的发病程度有正相关性；群     

南海混合层年循环特征

通过分析Levitus1994版气候平均温盐资料，得到南海混合层的时空分布特征，剖析了混合层浓度及其内部温度的季节变化规律。资料分析表明：季风通风流场调整对南海混合层的时空分布着明显的影响。这种影响的复杂性在于它不但通过海洋表层Ekman效应来影响混合层深度，而且还通过大尺度环流造成的幅散或辐合来限制或促进混合层深度的发展。研究发现混合层深度与混合层内温度存在着如下关系：夏季最大混合层的形成是28℃等温线与混合层底达到相互贴合的过程；冬季最大混合层的形成是28℃水体完全消失并且等温度线与混合层达到相交最多、相交最为垂直的过程，这时对应着冬季南海北部温跃层的通风；大于或等于28℃的水体总是位于混合层以内。     

Sensitivity studies with the three-dimensional multi-level model for tidal motion

A three-dimensional multi-level hydrodynamic model has recently been developed and applied to tidal motion in Singapore’s coastal waters. This paper describes a series of numerical experiments to evaluate the sensitivity of the tidal currents and elevations to model parameters. The results show that the predicted tidal elevations are insensitive to three model parameters: horizontal eddy viscosity coefficient (Smagorinsky constant, c_h), bottom friction coefficient (c_b) and internal friction coefficient (c_v), whereas the effects of these parameters are quite different for tidal current velocities. The velocities are slightly reduced with an increase in c_h and c_b. The bottom friction effects on velocity profiles increase with water depth. The effect of c_v might be significant for the tidal velocities at all levels. The velocities at upper layers of the water column decrease with the increase in c_v, whereas the velocities at the bottom layer show the reverse trend. The effects of three model parameters on the magnitude and phase of the simulated currents are in the order (from strong to weak) of c_v, c_b and c_h.     

An Integrated Approach to Fatigue Life Prediction of Whole System for Offshore Platforms

The failure of one or even more components usually does not lead to the collapse of the whole structure. Most of the analysis of fatigue is centered on only a single component which the researchers are interested in or much attention should be paid to. However, the collapse of a structure is the result of failure of a series of components in a specific order or path. This paper proposes an integrated approach to fatigue life prediction of whole structural system for offshore platforms, mainly describing the basic principles and prediction method. A method is presented for determining the failure path of the whole structure system and calculating the fatigue life in the determined failure path. The corresponding final collapse criteria for the whole structure system are discussed. A simple method of equivalent fatigue stress range calculation and a mathematical model of structural component fatigue life estimation in consideration of sea wave and sea ice loads are provided. As an application of the propo     

南沙及其西南海域的潮波系统

不同研究者所给出的南沙及其西南海域的同潮图历来有很大差别。为了给出更准确的同潮图，本文采用沿岸和岛屿200多个验潮站的调和常数给出了M2，S2，K1和O1四个主要分潮新的同潮图，同时还探讨了这些分潮之间的关系。研究表明，M2和S2在泰国湾的期波系统很相似，但在卡里马塔海峡和爪哇海差别相当大。M2潮波基本上属于驻波性质，而S2潮波则具有向西传播特征。在某些区域，如望加锡海峡的部分区域，S2的振幅可以超过M2。泰国湾中K1和O1的潮波系统也相类似。在卡里马塔海峡，这两个潮波都向南传播，但在爪哇海，O1潮波继续向东传播而K1潮波则倒过来向西传播。