土地利用生态服务价值与经济发展的协调及空间分异——以西洞庭湖区为例

土地利用生态服务价值体现了土地通过集约利用与空间优化所发挥生态效益的大小,可在一定程度上反映土地利用与与经济发展的协调关系。以西洞庭湖区为研究对象,在ArcGIS软件支持下,通过评价与分析生态服务价值变化,分析生态经济协调发展水平及其空间差异,探讨土地利用生态服务价值与区域经济发展的互动响应与耦合协调关系。研究表明：① 2000年以来西洞庭湖区土地利用生态服务价值呈下降趋势,2000年西洞庭湖区生态服务价值为1292.13×10⁶元·a^-1,2011年为953.03×10⁶元·a^-1,损失339.10×10⁶元。② 从整个研究区来看,整个研究阶段处于低度冲突的县有6个,分别为常德市辖区、安乡县、汉寿县、澧县、临澧县、津市市,只有桃源县处于潜在危机状态。从数量上看,整个区域内大多为冲突状态,区域在经济发展中存在的潜在危机较大。③ 从空间分异来看,2008年与2011年土地利用生态经济协调度基本上为低度冲突状态,需采取生态服务供给恢复与重建措施,控制生态服务消费需求的过快增长。整个区域只有桃源县与汉寿县由不协调转换为协调状态,主要原因是森林覆盖率相对较高,林地类型面积大,水土保持与水源涵养生态服务功能较强,提高了生态服务价值。     

基于GWR模型的中国区域旅行社业效率空间分异及动力机制分析

基于DEA模型对中国31个省域的旅行社业效率空间分异特征进行了分析,首次运用GWR模型探索交通、资本、人才、信息化和经济动力对区域旅行社业效率影响的空间差异。结果表明：旅行社业效率在空间上具有正相关性和集聚特征,空间格局从“川”字型向“山”字型转变。各动力因子的系数均存在空间非平稳性。资本和人才动力的回归系数在空间分布上从南向北依次递减;经济动力的分布趋势为从北向南依次递减;交通动力对中西部地区旅行社效率提升的促进作用显著于东部地区;信息化动力则在东部地区表现出较强的促进作用。     

2000-2010年广州市人口老龄化空间分异及形成机制

分析2010年广州市人口老龄化空间分布特征,并采用因子生态分析方法、聚类分析方法划分老年人口社会空间地域类型,将两者叠加分析,得出广州市人口老龄化空间分异可划分为8种类型区并呈圈层和扇形分布的特征。通过与2000年的人口老龄化空间分异进行比较,归纳出广州市人口老龄化空间分异的变化具有历史继承性、随城市开发进程而结构趋于复杂化、出现类型更新和类型区范围变化等特征。广州市人口老龄化空间分异模式主要分为四种：老城区延续发展模式、中心城区更新转变模式、近郊区急剧转变模式、远郊区分异发展模式。最后从城市历史发展传承、城市规划建设引导、住房等制度变迁影响、房地产发展等方面探讨了广州市人口老龄化空间分异形成机制。     

基于日常活动空间的社会空间分异研究进展

社会空间分异是城市社会学与城市地理学的经典研究议题,也是当前中国社会所面临的现实问题,在大量理论与实证研究的支撑下,形成了从居住空间出发的经典研究范式。而在人类移动性不断增强、居民活动日趋多样化的背景下,传统的研究范式显得静态和片面,难以反映社会空间分异与隔离问题的全貌,因此有必要从居民的日常活动空间出发探讨社会空间分异问题。国际学者们从不同视角出发对该议题进行了探索,本文对已有研究进行了梳理和述评,将已有研究总结为基于活动空间的群体分异与交往、个体活动空间的时空分异、社会空间分异的动态变化三种类型;并以时空间行为研究的理论和方法论为基础,从基于人的空间研究范式出发,构建“人群—活动空间—社会空间”基于活动空间的社会空间分异研究框架;尝试推进社会空间分异研究范式的多元化,从以人为本的立场出发理解城市空间和城市中的人。     

吉林省人口老龄化时空分异特征及成因

本文基于地理信息软件ArcGIS 10.1,选取老年人口系数为人口老龄化指标,运用人口重心模型、空间自相关和半变异函数等分析方法,对吉林省第四次、第五次、第六次人口普查数据进行分析,探讨1990-2010年吉林省人口老龄化时空分异特征,并采用多元线性回归方法解释其形成原因。研究结果表明：①吉林省各县市人口老龄化差异明显,进程加快,重心由西北向东南方向移动,但移动速度减缓;②吉林省人口老龄化存在正的空间自相关性,在空间的集聚呈现先弱后强的变化趋势;③人口老龄化高—高区向东部集聚,低—低区向西部集聚的趋势比较明显;④总体上吉林省人口老龄化空间的结构化分异较为明显,随机性因子引起的空间异质性程度较弱,人口老龄化的空间差异主要体现在东—西方向上;⑤出生率始终是影响吉林省人口老龄化的主要因素,迁出率对人口老龄化发展起关键作用,人均GDP年对人口老龄化呈负相关,城市化率对人口老龄化的推动作用愈发显著。     

南海资源环境地理研究综述

南海及沿岸地带是亚太地区经济发展最有活力和潜力的地区之一,受全球变化和人类活动的影响,南海资源环境正发生快速变化,对社会、经济、生态和环境带来新压力。本文从地理空间信息角度,以海岸资源、海洋资源和珊瑚礁资源的地理研究为综述内容,梳理了该区域岸线遥感监测、油气资源储量及渔业资源渔获量的地理差异、珊瑚礁地貌遥感监测与珊瑚白化等相关研究进展,讨论了已有研究的成果及其薄弱方向,依据发展趋势探讨了未来研究工作的重点。综述发现,南海资源环境的地理空间研究中,主要成果表现在资源环境的大面积快速监测与地理分异性方面,但在资源分布的内在机制及资源开发的环境效应影响方面仍缺少足够的研究。未来可望获得突破的研究主要包括：区域时空多尺度特征及其效应,区域间自然和社会发展的分异和规律,多源数据融合的南海资源动态监测的精度与时效的提高,以及资源变化过程的海洋生态与环境综合效应研究等。     

Regional differentiation of ecological conservation and its zonal suitability at the county level in China

China’s investments, financial incentives and deductions in terms of ecological conservation are based at the county level. Therefore, the monitoring and assessment of the effects of ecological conservation at the county level is important to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the ecological and environmental quality at the county scale. This paper quantitatively estimated the dynamics of high-quality ecosystems and vegetation coverage over the past 15 years, and their relationships with the number of ecological conservation programs at the county level were analyzed. Then, the effects of ecological conservation measures on ecological changes at the county level and their regional suitability were assessed and discussed. The results showed that counties with a percentage of high-quality ecosystems greater than 50% were primarily distributed in northeastern China, southern subtropical China and the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and those with a percentage lower than 20% were mostly distributed in northwestern China, the southwestern karst region and the North China Plain. In recent decades, ecological conservation has focused on ecologically fragile regions; more than five ecological conservation programs have been implemented in most counties of the Three River Source Region in Qinghai Province, southeastern Tibet, western Sichuan, the Qilian Mountains, southern Xinjiang and other western regions, while only one or zero have been implemented in the eastern coastal area of China. Over the past 15 years, the proportional area of high-quality ecosystems has increased in approximately 53% of counties. The vegetation coverage of counties in the Loess Plateau, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji), Sichuan-Guizhou-Chongqing, and Guangdong-Guangxi provincial-level areas has increased significantly. However, it decreased in northern Xinjiang, central Tibet, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yangtze River Delta and other regions. The relationships between the numbers of ecological conservation programs and the indicators of ecosystem restoration response, such as high-quality ecosystem and vegetation coverage, do not show positive correlations. These results suggest that ecological conservation programs should be planned and implemented according to the distribution patterns of high-quality ecosystems and that restoration measures such as afforestation should follow natural principles and regional differentiation under the background of climate change.     

From highly polluted inland city of China to “Lanzhou Blue”: The air-pollution characteristics

Air quality was improved considerably and the so-called "Lanzhou Blue" appeared frequently in Lanzhou due to implementation of some strict emission-control measures in recent years. To better understand whether the concentration of each air pollutant had decreased significantly and then give some suggestions as to urban air-quality improvement in the near future, the variations of the Air Quality Index (AQI) and six criterion air pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂, NO₂, and O₃) at five state-controlled monitoring sites of Lanzhou were studied from 2013 to 2016. The AQI, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and SO₂ gradually decreased from 2013 to 2016, while CO and NO₂ concentrations had slightly increasing trends, especially in urban areas, due to the large number of motor vehicles, which had an annual growth rate of 30.87%. The variations of the air pollutants in the no-domestic-heating season were more significant than those in the domestic-heating season. The increase of ozone concentration for the domestic-heating season at a background station was the most significant among the five monitoring sites. The vehicle-exhaust and ozone pollution was increasingly severe with the rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles. The particulate-matter pollution became slight in the formerly highly polluted Lanzhou City. Some synergetic measures in urban and rural areas of Lanzhou should be taken by the local government in the near future to control fine particulate-matter (PM_2.5) and ozone pollution.     

基于模糊自整定PID的直升机飞行控制律设计

在经典PID控制律基础上,引入模糊控制的概念设计模糊自整定PID控制律改进无人直升机姿态回路控制器,实现了PID控制器的参数在线自整定,并改善了控制器性能.通过Matlab对闭环系统进行算法仿真,表明模糊自整定PID控制器能够发挥优于传统PID控制器的控制性能.最后对所设计的控制器进行半物理仿真验证,通过对比典型输入指令下经典PID和模糊自整定PID两种控制器的控制效果,验证了模糊自整定PID对系统性能的优化.     

中国土地利用程度的区域分异规律模拟研究

在前人提出的土地利用程度地综合指数计算方法和指标体系基础上,应用地统计学方法模拟了我国土地利用程度的区域分异规律,结果表明,我国土地利用程度与经度和海拔之间存在一定的经向区域分异规律,地统计学“Ｋｒｉｇｅ”内插技术模拟的回归优度达９９．９９％,明显优于二元线性回归模型的模拟效果,能更真实反映我国土地利用程度的区域分异规律,从而为我国土地利用程度时空分布的模拟与预测提供可靠方法。