Evaluating the economic damage of climate change on global coral reefs

This paper evaluates the global economic damage arising from the effects of climate change and associated carbon dioxide concentrations on the loss of coral reefs. We do this by first estimating the effects of sea surface temperature and carbon dioxide concentrations on coral cover. We develop a statistical relationship between coral coverage and sea surface temperature that indicates that the effects are dependent on the temperature range. For example, we find that increasing sea surface temperature causes coral coverage to decrease when sea surface temperature is higher than 26.85 °C, with the estimated reduction being 2.3% when sea surface temperature increases by 1%. In addition, we find that a 1% carbon dioxide increase induces a 0.6% reduction in global coral coverage. We also estimate the resultant loss in economic value based on a meta-analysis of the recreational and commercial value of reef coverage and a crude proportional approach for other value factors. The meta-analysis shows that the coral reef value decreases by 3.8% when coral cover falls by 1%. By combining these two steps we find that the lost value in terms of the global coral reef value under climate change scenarios ranges from US$3.95 to US$23.78 billion annually.     

基于模糊逻辑的大气云粒子相态反演和效果分析

为了探究8mm云雷达探测到的大气云粒子相态特征,根据Shupe总结得到云雷达探测参量:反射率因子、Doppler径向速度、线性退偏振比以及温度在不同相态水凝物对应的云雷达产品特征阈值,采用不对称T型的隶属函数,成员函数包括:反射率因子、线性退偏振比、径向速度以及垂直温度廓线,反演出的粒子相态包括:雪、冰晶、混合相态、液水、毛毛雨、雨等6种。通过联合分析中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室的偏振云雷达探测资料和GTS1型探空仪温度数据,结果表明;通过模糊逻辑法对云雷达探测的参量反演出的大气粒子相态结果与探空实时数据一致性较好,对现阶段常规天气预报参考、人工影响天气作业指挥以及效果评估来说具有较好指导性。     

BJ-RUC产品在小区供暖供回水温度预报的应用研究

利用气象部门快速更新的BJ-RUC(Beijing-Rapid UpdateCycle)数值预报系统获得的24 h逐时的室外温度预报资料,应用能量平衡原理,建立建筑物热损失方程和供热量方程,从而推导出室外温度和室内温度、供水、回水温度的预报模型。用此模型对2010年3月1—15日期间的供、回水温度进行预报模拟,与北京市海园物业供热单位实况值进行对比分析。检验结果表明,该模型模拟的室内温度与设计要求的室内温度(20℃)之间的均方根误差为0.25℃,海园物业室内温度监测点数值与20℃之间的均方根误差为1.53℃。模拟的供、回水温度与海园物业监测点供水温度的均方根误差分别为3.69℃和3.80℃。     

GRAPES_RAFS系统2 m温度偏差订正方法研究

本文通过对2013年6月20日至7月20日GRAPES(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)_RAFS(Rapid Analysis and Forecast System)系统每天8个时次每3h的2 m温度预报进行分析,发现各时次的预报均能较好地表征2 m温度日变化特征,但预报与实况存在一定的偏差,其中西藏东部川西高原、云贵高原、江南武夷山脉偏低于实况可达3℃,而华北地区偏高于实况3℃以上.为了减小GRAPES_RAFS系统偏差对2m温度预报的影响,本文采用平均法、双权重平均法、滑动平均法和滑动双权重平均法分别对GRAPES_RAFS系统2 m温度预报产品进行偏差订正,并对订正前后的结果进行检验分析和对比.结果表明:2 m温度订正后的平均误差大部地区减小到(一1～1℃),而均方根误差大部地区降低到2.5℃内.对于偏差较大地区,订正效果更为明显,如西藏东部川西高原,经过订正,平均误差绝对值由订正前3℃以上降低到1℃内,而RMSE由订正前4℃以上控制到3℃内.对比四种订正方法,双权重订正方法与平均法订正整体效果接近,但对个别站点,双权重订正法要优于平均法,经过滑动的订正方法比无滑动的订正方法订正效果更好,订正效果最好的是滑动双权重平均法,全国平均误差大部分在(-0.5～0.5℃)内,不超过(-1～1℃)的范围.     

基于模糊评判的数控机床零部件制造工艺FMECA研究

以数控机床零部件的制造工艺为研究对象,对其实施改进的制造工艺FMECA,通过梯形模糊数评判的方法确定出工艺FMECA中风险优先数的排序,利用模糊综合评判方法确定出工艺系统的风险等级,有效地找出薄弱工艺环节并采取改进措施,从而提高数控机床零部件制造工艺可靠性.     

A DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF AIR TEMPERATURE ANOMALY MODE OVER CHINA IN 2009/2010 WINTER BASED ON GENERALIZED EQUILIBRIUM FEEDBACK ASSESSMENT (GEFA) METHOD

By using the observed monthly mean data over 160 stations of China and NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data, the generalized equilibrium feedback assessment(GEFA) method, combined with the methods of EOF analysis, correlation and composite analysis, is used to explore the influence of different SST modes on a wintertime air temperature pattern in which it is cold in the northeast and warm in the southwest in China. The results show that the 2009/2010 winter air temperature oscillation mode between the northern and southern part of China is closely related to the corresponding sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) and its associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. Exhibiting warming in Northeast China and cooling in Southwest China, the mode is significantly forced by the El Nio mode and the North Atlantic SSTA mode, which have three poles. Under the influence of SSTA modes, the surface northerly flow transported cold air to North and Northeast China, resulting in low temperatures in the regions. Meanwhile, the mid-latitude westerlies intensify and the polar cold air stays in high latitudes and cannot affect the Southwest China, resulting in the warming there.     

1951-2013年浙江热量资源变化研究

基于1951—2013年浙江71个常规气象站逐日气温资料和1971—2013年土温资料,采用M-K检验、气候倾向率等气候统计诊断方法,分析浙江地区气温、地温、农业界限温度等热量资源要素的变化规律及气候变化下浙江热量资源区划的年代际变化特征,以期为充分利用气候资源、优化农业结构和作物引种提供科学依据。研究结果表明：1）1951—2013年浙江四季和年平均气温变化幅度分别为0.24 ℃·10a-1(P0.01)、0.10 ℃·10a-1(P0.05)、0.14 ℃·10a-1(P0.01)、0.14 ℃·10a-1(P0.05)和0.18 ℃·10a-1(P0.05),突变起始年分别为1997、2005、2002、1993和1999年;2）1951—2013年浙江平均极端最高、最低气温的气候倾向率分别为0.10 ℃·10a-1(P0.01)和0.30 ℃·10a-1(P0.10);3）土温与农业密切相关,0—20 cm土温与日平均温度通过0.01显著性相关;4）气候变暖导致浙江农业界限温度(0 ℃、5 ℃、10 ℃、15 ℃、20 ℃)初日提前、终日延后、持续天数和积温增加,农业界限温度初日、终日、持续天数和积温的气候倾向率平均值分别为-3.2～-1.5 d·10a-1、0.3～1.6 d·10a-1、2.8～4.1 d·10a-1、95.7～107.3 ℃·d·10a-1;5）1951—2013年浙江初霜延迟、终霜提前、无霜期增加,初霜、终霜和无霜期气候倾向率平均为-3.62 d·10a-1、1.32 d·10a-1和4.97 d·10a-1;6）气候变暖导致浙江热量资源区划变化显著,2001—2010年淳安建德浦江义乌诸暨嵊州天台三门线以南地区≥10 ℃积温超过5600 ℃·d。     

Sheath effects on DEMETER ion drift measurements

The “Instrument d’Analyse du Plasma” on DEMETER includes an ion drift meter used to measure the direction of the incoming ram plasma ( [Berthelier et al., 2006a] and [Berthelier et al., 2006b]). Given the velocity of the satellite, and expected flow velocities of plasma along DEMETER's orbit, it is estimated that at mid latitudes, the direction of incident plasma as measured by IAP should be within approximately 2° of the ram direction. Yet, significantly larger angular deviations are measured routinely. An important assumption made in the interpretation of onboard instruments, such as IAP, is that neither the spacecraft nor the instrument significantly perturb the plasma that is being measured. In view of the large observed angular deviations, this paper examines the possible effect of the electrostatic sheath surrounding IAP. This is done with the 3D PIC simulation code PTetra. The model uses a full 3D particle in cell code with unstructured tetrahedral mesh capable of accurately representing the satellite geometry. The mesh is also adaptive so as to provide a fine spatial resolution in the vicinity of the particle sensor where it is needed, and a coarse resolution in regions where plasma parameters vary over a longer scale length. Calculation results show that while particle deflection associated with the electrostatic sheath near IAP can account for appreciable angular deflections for representative ionospheric plasmas, they are typically smaller than the ones observed. Additionally, the model is unable to reproduce the latitudinal dependence of the observed large deflection angles. It is concluded that sheath effects may cause appreciable distortions on the IAP type of ion flow meter instruments, and on other particle sensors in general. The larger observed deviations and their latitudinal dependence, however, must be attributable to other physical processes not accounted for in the model.     

环境因子对萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentaria) 孢子附着的影响

将实验室保存的萱藻丝状体经过扩增、诱导得到具有成熟孢子囊的丝状体作为实验材料, 在实验室条件下研究了光照强度[0—126?mol/(m2·s)]、温度(7—27℃)、盐度(8—56)、pH(6.7—9.7)对萱藻孢子附着的影响。结果表明: (1) 萱藻孢子附着的最适光照强度为54?mol/(m2·s), 在此光照强度下, 单位面积的孢子附着量最大; (2) 温度对萱藻孢子附着的影响显著, 19℃是萱藻孢子附着的最佳温度条件; (3) 盐度过低(≤24)或过高(≥40)都会造成孢子的死亡, 萱藻孢子附着的最适盐度为30; (4) 在设定的pH范围内, 当pH为8.2时, 最有利于萱藻孢子的附着。     

Medium-term responses of rocky bottoms to sewage discharges from a deepwater outfall in the NE Atlantic

An investigation on the effects of deepwater outfall discharges on the status of rocky reef communities was carried out. The sanitation system was found to be an environmentally suitable option for the protection of those habitats situated in high energy coastal environments. Sediments occurring between the predominating rocky substrates showed low values of the fine fraction (<63microm) and organic matter content. In addition, high average concentrations of Cd, Hg and Zn were found in these sediments, though these values were similar to those registered in non-affected sites, far away from the outfall. On the other hand, those assemblages typical of hard substrates that settled near the outfall showed an increase in total richness and abundance of macroinvertebrates. Moreover, the average number of species of each taxonomic group, a good indicator of the maintenance of the previous trophic structure, only varied considerably over time at the rip-rap protection. In a global context, those changes were not directly related to the discharge disturbances, but to the natural variability or the successional processes occurring within those communities. Only communities dwelling in the rip-rap protection area were affected by the proximity of the discharges.