Seasonal Variation of the Meridional Wind in the Temperate Jet Stream and Its Relationship to the Asian Monsoon

The features of the temperate jet stream including its location, intensity, structure, seasonal evolution and the relationship with the Asian monsoon are examined by using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. It is indicated that the temperate jet stream is prominent and active at 300 hPa in winter over the region from 45°-60°N and west of 120°E. The temperate jet stream is represented by a ridge area of high wind speed and dense stream lines in the monthly or seasonal mean wind field, but it .corresponds to an area frequented by a large number of jet cores in the daily wind field and exhibits a distinct boundary that separates itself with the subtropical jet. A comparison of the meridional wind component of the temperate jet stream with that of the subtropical jet shows that the northerly wind in the temperate jet stream is stronger than the southerly component of the subtropical jet, which plays an important role in the temperate jet stream formation and seasonal evolution, and thus the intensity change of the meridional wind component can be used to represent the temperate jet stream＇s seasonal variation. Analysis of the temperature gradient in the upper troposphere indicates that the temperate jet stream is accompanied by a maximum zonal temperature gradient and a large meridional temperature gradient, leading to a unique jet stream structure and particular seasonal evolution features, which are different from the subtropical jet. The zonal temperature gradient related to the land-sea thermal contrast along the East China coastal lines is responsible for the seasonal evolution of the temperate jet. In addition, there exists a coordinated synchronous change between the movement of the temperate jet and that of the subtropical jet. The seasonal evolution of the meridional wind intensity is closely related to the seasonal shift of the atmospheric circulation in East Asia, the onset of the Asian summer monsoon and the start of Meiyu in the Yangtze and Huaihe River Valleys, and it correlates well with summer and wint     

典型海洋型冰川区消融期雪坑层位演变及离子沉积后过程初探

2006年4—7月,在玉龙雪山白水1号冰川消融区(P1)和积累区(P2)分别开挖雪坑连进行续观测,分析了海洋型冰川在消融期雪坑内各层位的物理变化以及各离子的沉积后过程.结果表明:海洋型冰川区雪坑的消融速率远大于大陆型冰川;随着消融的进行,雪坑中各种粒雪成分逐渐向粗粒雪转化,同时冰片数量增多以及含水层加厚,并且向雪坑底部移动.雪坑消融可以分为雪坑内部的细粒雪、中粒雪向粗粒雪转变,雪坑厚度变化不大以及雪坑厚度的快速变薄两个过程,P2处两消融过程转变时间比P1处大约推迟两个月.根据各种离子在P1处雪坑剖面的浓度变化,白水1号冰川积累区的淋溶序列为:K+SO42-NO3-Cl-Ca2+Mg2+Na+.由于海洋型冰川的消融期也是它的积累期,该序列中各离子的顺序不仅反映了融水淋溶作用的影响,同时反映了物质输入对雪坑内离子浓度变化的影响.     

Observed Glaciohydrological Changes in China's Typical Monsoonal Temperate Glacier Region since 1980s

Under the background of significant climate warming since the 1980s,the glaciers in China's monsoonal temperate glacier region respond to the warming intensely.Based on the glaciohy-drological observations at some typical glaciers from Mts.Yulong(玉龙) and Gongga(贡嘎) of Heng-duan(横断) Mountains Range in the southeastern Tibetan plateau,the glaciohydrological changes in the temperate glacier region since the 1980s were investigated.First,the glacier terminus exhibited an accelerating retreat.Second,as the glaci...     

Impact of climate change on runoff from a mid‐latitude mountainous catchment in central Japan

Hydrologic balance in high‐altitude, mid‐latitude mountain areas is important in terms of the water resources available to associated lowlands. This study examined how current and historical shifts in precipitation (P) patterns and concurrent increases in temperature (T) affected runoff (Q) and other hydrologic components in a mid‐latitude mountain catchment of central Japan, using a combination of long‐term data and a simplified hydrologic model, along with their stochastic treatment. The availability of intensive meteorological and hydrological data from the period 1997–2001 allowed the derivation of key relationships for the current climate that tie the forcing term to the parameters or state variables. By using the data recorded in the period 1965–2001, the force for driving the historical simulation was generated. Based on this model and historical shifts in P and T, the probability density functions of Q (pdf(Q)) was computed. A main novelty in this study is that such a stochastic representation, which is useful for considering the influence of projected shifts in environmental factors on the hydrologic budget, was provided. Despite the large increase in the rate of T in winter and spring, pdf(Q) in spring and summer varied appreciably during the time studied mainly because of an increase in snowmelt. An interannual change in whole‐year Q was robust to shifts in T because while Q in spring increased, in summer it decreased, implying a crucial effect of global warming on mountain hydrologic regimes is change in the timing of Q. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原东部藏族地区野生经济植物资源

本区是指滇西北、川西和甘南藏族地区。全区土地面积约３０．４万ｋｍ￣２．区内野生经济植物资源的特征是：种类比较丰富，种子植物属的区系成分以温带的属占优势，特有种、特有属植物突出，区域分异比较明显等。全区野生经济植物有１８７科７４２属２８１３种（或变种）．按经济用途，把本区的野生经济植物分为８类。     

华中华东地区上空水汽平衡状况

华中华东地区,为我国纬度较低,涨岸线最长的地区。该区雨水资源,地表水资源量均居全国之首。其维系因子－空中水汽,业经本文计算,其年总蓄留量＋１９７７４．５４亿ｍ＾３,相当水深１３９７ｍｍ,为水资源总量的１．７６倍,全国第一。     

中国温带昼夜增温的季节性变化及其对植被动态的影响

结合1982-2015年归一化植被指数（NDVI）、植被类型和气象数据,分别利用一元线性回归和二阶偏相关分析方法,揭示了中国温带地区的生长季不同季节昼夜增温的时空格局以及昼夜增温的不对称性对各类型植被活动的影响。结果表明：① 近34年来中国温带大部分地区季节性昼夜气温都存在显著的上升趋势;生长季昼夜增温速率呈现出不对称性,春季、夏季白天气温上升速度略快于夜间,秋季夜间增温快于白天;② 不同季节的昼夜增温对植被活动的影响呈现出明显的分异特征,相对于夜间增温,白天增温对植被活动影响程度更大,影响区域更为广泛;相比夏季和秋季,春季昼夜增温对植被活动的影响范围更广;③ 不同类型植被对昼夜增温速率的不对称性产生了不同的响应,并且在不同季节上的响应程度存在差异。     

放牧对内蒙古羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响

采用静态暗箱法,比较测定了放牧对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草群落土壤呼吸的影响以及水热等相关环境因子与土壤呼吸的关系。结果表明:放牧没有改变羊草群落土壤呼吸的季节性变化特征,但降低了土壤呼吸速率的年幅度;生长季放牧样地土壤呼吸速率显著低于封育样地,非生长季两样地土壤呼吸强度均处于较低水平,而且出现负通量的现象,放牧使羊草群落土壤呼吸年总量下降了约33.95％;从全年来看,无论是围栏还是放牧样地,封育样地和放牧样地土壤呼吸与温度因子均显著正相关(p<0.01,n=15),其中与10cm处地温相关性最好,但放牧降低了土壤呼吸对温度变化的敏感性;生长季水分影响作用高于温度,围栏封育样地0~10cm土壤含水量的变化可以解释土壤呼吸变异的87.4％,放牧样地10~20cm和20~30cm土壤含水量的变化共同可以解释土壤呼吸变异的74.9％。     

山地温冰川中的气候环境记录研究

以北欧Ａｕｓｔｒｅ Ｏｋｓｔｉｎｂｒｅｅｎ冰川为例,概括介绍了海洋型气候区温冰川内气候环境信息的主要特征。山地温冰川积雪中的环境记录,如氧同位素,阴阳离子含量的变化虽然受到了冰雪中的融水渗透的干扰,但仍可作为短期局部气候环境变化的理想指示器。通过与实测的气象气候资料对比,积雪中化学分析结果表明了若干重要特征：积累区雪层剖面中的氧同位素变化,较好地反映了本地区的气候变化特别是降水时的温度递变细节以及     

Isotopic and chemical analyses of a temperate firn core from a Chinese alpine glacier and its regional climatic significance

Mt. Yulong is the southernmost currently glacier-covered area in Eurasia, including China. There are 19 sub-tropical temperate glaciers on the mountain, controlled by the south-western monsoon climate. In the summer of 1999, a firn core, 10. 10 m long, extending down to glacier ice, was recovered in the accumulation area of the largest glacier, Baishui No. 1. Periodic variations of climatic signals above 7. 8 m depth were apparent, and net accumulation of four years was identified by the annual oscillations of isotopic and ionic composition. The boundaries of annual accumulation were confirmed by higher values of electrical conductivity and pH, and by dirty refreezing ice layers at the levels of summer surfaces. Calculated mean annual net accumulation from 1994/1995 to 1997/1998 was about 900 mm water equivalent. The amplitude of isotopic variations in the profile decreased with increasing depth, and isotopic homogenization occurred below 7. 8 m as a result of meltwater percolation. Variations of δ18O above 7. 8 m showed an approximate correlation with the winter climatic trend at Li Jiang Station, 25 km away. Concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were much higher than those of Na+ and K+ , indicating that the air masses for precipitation were mainly from a continental source, and that the core material accumulated during the winter period. The close correspondence of C1- and Na+ indicated their common origin. Very low concentrations of SO2-4 and NO3- suggest that pollution caused by human activities is quite low in the area. The mean annual net accumulation in the core and the estimated ablation indicate that the average annual precipitation above the glacier's equilibrium line is 2400 - 3150 mm, but this needs to be confirmed by long term observation of mass balance.