非零偏VSP弹性波叠前逆时深度偏移技术探讨

非零偏VSP地震资料是一种多分量资料,处理非零偏VSP资料,弹性波叠前逆时深度偏移技术无疑是最适合的处理技术.本文从二维各向同性介质的弹性波波动方程出发,研究了对非零偏VSP资料进行叠前逆时深度偏移的偏移算法,讨论了逆时传播过程中的边值问题和数值频散问题及其相应的解决方案;采用求解程函方程计算得到地下各点的地震波初至时间作为成像时间,实现了非零偏VSP资料的叠前逆时深度偏移.最后进行了模型试算和非零偏VSP地震资料的试处理,结果表明该方法不受地层倾角限制,较适用于高陡构造地区或介质横向速度变化较大地区的非零偏VSP地震资料处理.     

Research Note: Internal/external seismic source wavefield separation and cancellation

A compact representation is obtained for the separation of a scalar wavefield on a closed surface into parts due to internal and external sources. The formula assumes that the total field and its gradients are known on the surface, as is the exact Green function of the medium. The derivation involves four rather straightforward applications of Green’s theorem or the representation theorem, though it is a remarkable result in that waves from either source that traverse the boundary many times are appropriately separated. The intermediate results at the four steps of the derivation also shed light on the possibility of acoustic shielding from unwanted sources without knowledge of the Green function for the medium.     

基于Poynting矢量的归一化波场分离互相关逆时偏移成像条件(英文)

叠前逆时偏移是目前精度较高的成像方法,然而严重的低频噪声降低了逆时偏移的构造成像精度,偏移噪声的压制是逆时偏移必需要考虑的问题。分析了低频噪声的产生机理,并根据声波方程Poynting矢量的方向指示地震波场的传播方向的原理,分离出上、下、左、右行波,该方法计算量和存储量都远远小于常用的二维傅里叶变换分离方法,进而提出归一化的波场分离互相关成像条件,以压制逆时偏移低频噪声,提高成像精度。实现了Marmousi模型的试算,表明在波场延拓过程中利用Poynting矢量能够较好的分离上、下、左、右行波,与常规方法、拉普拉斯滤波、二维傅里叶变换波场分离的成像结果对比表明,成像时使用归一化的波场分离互相关成像条件能更好的压制偏移噪声,得到精度更高的逆时偏移成像结果。     

交错网格中基于波数域插值的波场分离方法研究（英文）

应用多分量地震资料进行成像时通常需要先做波场分离,然后再对分离的波型进行成像。其中,波场分离可以在空间域或波数域实现。然而,由于用交错网格有限差分进行弹性波场数值模拟时,用来进行波数域波场分离的质点振动速度分量定义在不同网格节点上,本文提出了利用波数域插值方法来估算同一网格节点所需质点振动速度值;进而给出了先进行波数域插值后进行波场分离的波数域保幅波场分离方案。数值实验结果表明波数域插值方法具有较高的插值精度且保幅波场分离方法具有较好的保幅性,将本文方法进一步应用于弹性波逆时偏移可以获得保幅性较好的成像结果且对存在一定程度速度误差情况具有较好的适应性。     

基于自适应优化有限差分方法的全波VSP逆时偏移

与地面地震资料相比,VSP资料具有分辨率高、环境噪声小及能更好地反映井旁信息等优点.常规VSP偏移主要对上行反射波进行成像,存在照明度低、成像范围受限等问题.为了增加照明度、拓宽成像范围、提高成像精度,本文采用直达波除外的所有声波波场数据(全波),包括一次反射波、多次反射波等进行叠前逆时偏移成像.针对逆时偏移中的四个关键问题,即波场延拓、吸收边界条件、成像条件及低频噪声的压制,本文分别采用自适应变空间差分算子长度的优化有限差分方法(自适应优化有限差分方法)求解二维声波波动方程以实现高精度、高效率的波场延拓,采用混合吸收边界条件压制因计算区域有限所引起的人工边界反射,采用震源归一化零延迟互相关成像条件进行成像,采用拉普拉斯滤波方法压制逆时偏移中产生的低频噪声.本文对VSP模型数据的逆时偏移成像进行了分析,结果表明:自适应优化有限差分方法比传统有限差分方法具有更高的模拟精度与计算效率,适用于VSP逆时偏移成像;全波场VSP逆时偏移成像比上行波VSP逆时偏移的成像范围大、成像效果好;相对于反褶积成像条件,震源归一化零延迟互相关成像条件具有稳定性好、计算效率高等优点.将本文方法应用于某实际VSP资料的逆时偏移成像,进一步验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性.     

Near-realtime source analysis of the 20 March 2012 Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional,Mexico earthquake

We apply a single-step, finite-fault analysis procedure to derive a coseismic slip model for the large M_W 7.4 Ometepec-Pinotepa Nacional, Mexico earthquake of 20 March 2012, using teleseismic P waveforms recorded by the Global Seismographic Network. The inversion is conducted in near-realtime using source parameters available from the USGS/NEIC and the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (gCMT) project. The fault orientation and slip angle are obtained from the gCMT mechanism assuming that the fault coincides with the shallow-dipping nodal plane. The fault dimensions and maximum rise time are based on the magnitude reported for the event. Teleseismic data from the USGS/NEIC Continuous Waveform Buffer database are used in the inversion with record start times set to the P-wave arrivals used to compute the earthquake hypocenter. The inversion is stabilized by requiring a smooth transition of slip across the fault while minimizing the seismic moment. These constraints are applied using a smoothing weight that is estimated from the inverse problem, allowing the recovery of the least-complicated rupture history in a single step. Inversion of the deconvolved, ground-displacement waveforms reveals a simple, circular rupture similar in extent to the source identified by the USGS/NEIC using body-and surface-wave data, indicating that the teleseismic P waves can provide a first-order source model for the event in near-realtime. Additional inversions conducted using velocity records identify a more-detailed rupture model characterized by an elliptical 2500 km² source region extending updip and downdip from the hypocenter. This elliptical source preserves the orientation and overall dimensions of a dual-source slip model obtained recently by other investigators using local strong motions and global seismic waveforms. The results indicate that velocity waveforms could provide additional details of the earthquake rupture in near-realtime, finite-fault inversions using teleseismic P waves.     

宁夏银川基准台下方地壳厚度研究

提取宁夏银川台远震P波接收函数,计算了台站下方地壳厚度和波速比,得出银川台下方地壳厚度为48.0km,体波波速比为1.72。分析认为银川台下方地壳分层结构明显,地壳厚度起伏剧烈,具有较明显的各向异性特征。     

基于行波分离的VTI介质逆时偏移

现阶段,各向同性介质假设已经不能满足复杂地质构造条件下的成像需求,忽略介质各向异性影响会使速度估计不准确,成像精度降低。为此,笔者从VTI介质一阶速度—应力方程出发,利用Poynting矢量特性对地震波进行方向行波分离,得出了基于上下行波分离的互相关成像条件,并将其应用在复杂VTI介质中。通过层状模型和SEG/EAGE岩丘模型测试验证了该算法的有效性以及在成像上的优越性;另外,当偏移速度不准确时,本文方法仍能够有效压制偏移噪声,成像质量更佳。     

频率-波数域递推计算海底多分量地震记录中的反射系数

在频率-波数域中采用解析法,解出多层条件下海底实测的多分量地震数据分解成上行和下行P波和S波的算法,导出海底各层地震反射系数随入射角变化(简称RVA)的递推计算公式,为海底多波多分量AVO弹性参数的反演及流体因子预测提供基础数据.合成数据的计算结果表明,本文给出的算法能较可靠地从海底多波多分量记录中提取RVA信息.