The Source Mechanism of the Athens Earthquake,September 7, 1999, Estimated from P Seismograms Recorded at Long Range

On 7 September, 1999, an earthquake (5.8 m_b ^USGS)took place about 20 km from the centre of Athens, until then a seismically quiet region ofeastern Greece. Considerable damage ranging from rock falls to the collapse of reinforcedconcrete structures was reported in the city and surrounding area. No surface break which couldbe directly attributed to rupture on the fault plane was mapped. We use the relativeamplitude method and forward modelling of broadband P seismogramsrecorded at long range to produce a two-dimensional model of the source. We conclude that the earthquake tookplace on a south-west dipping normal fault at a depth of 10 km. This implies that the depthof the seismogenic zone in the area is comparable to other more active regions of Greece.The rupture speed (2.1 km/s) and stress drop (0.54 MPa) are low and are typical of earthquakesin a tectonic environment dominated by high rates of extension. The estimated seismicmoment is 6.014 × 10¹⁷ N m. We have investigated reported rupture directivity and thepossibility of a circular rupture is also examined. Extrapolation of the fault plane to the freesurface suggests that the earthquake took place on a structure associated with the Fili fault.     

Seismic evidence for stepwise thickening of the crust across the NE Tibetan plateau

We performed a receiver function analysis on teleseismic data recorded along two 550 km-long profiles crossing the northeastern Tibetan plateau. Results from time to depth migration, grid-search V_p/V_s determination and simulated annealing inversion of waveforms, reveal that the crust thickens from ∼50 km near the northern edge of the plateau to ∼80 km south of the Jinsha suture in the Qiang Tang block. Crustal thickening occurs in staircase fashion with steps located beneath the main, reactivated sutures. The V_p/V_s ratio, close to the global continental average does not suggest widespread partial melting but rather a more usual separation between an upper felsic and a lower mafic part within the northeastern Tibetan crust.     

The use of teleseismic P-wave complexity for seismic event screening – results determined from GRF and GERESS array data

Seismic data recorded at the broad-band teleseismic GRF array and theshort-period regional GERESS array, which is a designated IMS primarystation, are analyzed to determine the effectiveness of teleseismic P-wave complexity for the purpose of seismic event screening within theframework of Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty verification. For theGRF array, seismic waveform data from nearly 200 nuclear explosions havebeen recorded since its installation in the late 1970's, which were studiedalong with several thousand earthquakes from the last few years.Additionally, we investigated teleseismic P wave complexity for a similarnumber of earthquakes recorded at GERESS. However, owing to itsoperation starting in 1991, only a limited number of nuclear explosionseismograms are available for study.For nuclear explosions, complexity does not exceed levels of 0.3 except fora number of events from the Nevada Test Site recorded only at the GRFarray and located at a large distance where PcP may interfere with the initialP wavelet. Since all events with complexity at GRF larger than 0.3 areexclusively located on Pahute Mesa within the Nevada Test Site,near-source geology or topography must play a dominant role for theseincreased complexity values, while PcP may not contribute significantly tothe high-frequency energy measured by the complexity parameter.Although many earthquakes show complexities below this level, for morethan 25% of the earthquakes investigated the complexities determined arelarger than 0.7, thus showing distinctly larger values than nuclearexplosions. Therefore, this percentage may be screened as earthquakes fromall seismic events detected. As currently only about half of the eventsdetected by the global IMS network are screened out based on focal depthand the m _b :M _s criterion, teleseismic P-wavecomplexity may contribute significantly to the task of seismic eventscreening.     

关于共反射面元叠加方法在实际应用中的一些思考

共反射面元（Common Reflection Surface=CRS）叠加是一种特殊的零偏移距成像方法,实践中它具有独立于宏观速度模型和完全数据驱动实现的鲜明特色,CRS叠加理论认为在得到高质量的零偏移距剖面的同时,还可以得到三个有用的波场属性参数剖面反演宏观速度模型,CRS叠加剖面之后的叠后深度偏移质量将超过叠前深度偏移.虽然CRS叠加倡导的成像方式和承诺的上述理想境界带来了全新的启示,但是实践中这些特色同样带来了令人困扰的问题,为此我们提出了倾角分解CRS叠加方法解决这些问题.本文即是作者通过上述实践之后对CRS叠加方法形成的一些思考和总结.     

云南省区域数字地震遥测台网远震参数测定

利用云南省区域数字地震遥测台网记录到的资料对远震的定位方法进行了研究。采用“分离变量法”,将震源参数分为发震时间、震中位置和震源深度三类变量,相对独立进行计算,这就减少了Geiger法中,各类变量因不同权重而产生的互相干扰以及因初始解不好引起的迭代不收敛的问题,改善了定位精度。由于大地震的地震波初动清楚,可精确测定初动到时,仅用经过台站高程走时改正和台站综合走时改正后的初动到时即可精确测定零深度时的震中位置。再根据测定的零深度震中位置,查出台网最小到时子台的S波到时S0它与该台的实际S波到时Sh的差可有效判定地震是否深源地震和计算震源深度。为了保持地震震级定义的一致性,采用数字地震仪系统的传递函数(包括幅频特性和相频特性)对实测数字地震记录进行仿真,得到真正的地动速度,再由计算机自动检测定地动速度最大面波振幅并计算震级Ms。     

频率域单程方程三维叠前正演中的波场替换

利用定位原理进行三维叠前正演,仅靠单程声波方程的延拓即可形成复杂地质条件下的正演记录,运算效率高无多次反射出现。但速度模型中对于过大或过小的速度常使波场在延拓时有频率和波数成分的损失,这种损失引起波场畸变并严重影响正演记录的质量。本文采用波场替换技术,在每次延拓时用零相位子波形成一个同时保留了原波场的动力学特征与空间位置信息的新波场,然后用新波场取代原畸变波场并参与正演记录合成。在频率域单程方程三维叠前正演中特别适合做波场替换,因为震源脉冲与接收响应(均可视为点脉冲)的延拓波场在形态上相似,而且在延拓波场中每道记录之振幅包络只有一个极值点。理论试算结果表明,采用波场替换技术后最终正演记录质量比替换前有了很大改善。      

面炮成像、控制照明与AVA道集

基于波场延拓的叠前深度偏移是实现复杂构造地质体成像的最可靠方法,但存在着计算量大、对观测系统适应性差等缺点.面炮偏移是波动方程实现精确叠前成像的另一类方法,具有较高的计算效率,不存在偏移孔径问题,而且可以通过控制照明方法,解决平面波在目标区域的能量补偿问题.本文采用面炮成像技术进行叠前深度偏移,通过对面炮震源下行波场的质量控制和优选射线个数和范围,以达到最佳的成像效果.采用控制照明技术,较大地提高了目标地层的成像精度.与此同时,得到振幅随入射角变化(AVA)道集,有利于叠前振幅解释和储层岩性预测.数据实验表明面炮成像技术是一种快速有效的方法,其成像精度与单平方根算子的共炮点道集偏移和双平方根算子的共中心点道集偏移相当,但在计算速度上要快得多,而且易于并行计算.     

横向非均匀介质远震体波接收函数的波场特征

系统研究了台站下方存在倾斜界面时,远震体波接收函数的波场特征及多方位接收函数对台站下方介质横向非均匀特征的反映能力．我们利用合成三维横向非均匀介质接收函数的Maslov方法,具体模拟了台站下方存在倾斜界面时的接收函数响应．结果表明,当台站下方存在倾向一致的倾斜界面时,远震体波接收函数的径向分量和切向分量分别随震源方位角的变化呈现对称和反对称的规律性变化．利用不同震源方位角接收函数径向分量和切向分量的变化规律,可以估计台站下方界面的倾向和倾角．当台站下方各界面的倾向不同时,随方位角的变化,接收函数只能直观给出界面的整体倾向．实际观测数据的分析结果表明,对于利用单个台站接收函数研究台站下方介质的横向非均匀特征来说,简单倾斜界面可以看作较好的一级近似．