Satellite remote sensing of river inundation area,stage, and discharge: a review

The growing availability of multi-temporal satellite data has increased opportunities for monitoring large rivers from space. A variety of passive and active sensors operating in the visible and microwave range are currently operating, or planned, which can estimate inundation area and delineate flood boundaries. Radar altimeters show great promise for directly measuring stage variation in large rivers. It also appears to be possible to obtain estimates of river discharge from space, using ground measurements and satellite data to construct empirical curves that relate water surface area to discharge. Extrapolation of these curves to ungauged sites may be possible for the special case of braided rivers. Where clouds, trees and floating vegetation do not obscure the water surface, high-resolution visible/infrared sensors provide good delineation of inundated areas. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors can penetrate clouds and can also detect standing water through emergent aquatic plants and forest canopies. However, multiple frequencies and polarizations are required for optimal discrimination of various inundated vegetation cover types. Existing single-polarization, fixed-frequency SARs are not sufficient for mapping inundation area in all riverine environments. In the absence of a space-borne multi-parameter SAR, a synergistic approach using single-frequency, fixed-polarization SAR and visible/infrared data will provide the best results over densely vegetated river floodplains. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

表镶大颗粒人造金刚石钻头受力及水力学数值模拟研究

人造大颗粒金刚石技术的不断发展,使得利用其制造表镶金刚石钻头在技术上及经济上均变得可行。本文对φ75 mm表镶人造金刚石钻头的受力、流场与温度场进行了数值模拟,结果表明：金刚石颗粒在高钻压无钻井液循环的条件下极易发生碳化;在钻井液冷却作用下,钻头旋转一圈0.08 s,钻头体会在0.006 s之内冷却;同时水力空化作用与钻井液中固相颗粒对钻头体的冲蚀作用明显;金刚石颗粒内存在较大微裂纹时,金刚石会在小于其许用应力条件下发生破坏。通过对比分析,表镶金刚石钻头的最外侧与最内侧水口处的金刚石较易发生破坏,在设计与制造钻头时应进行强化。     

山东金伯利岩的壳幔混染、部分熔融、Re-Os 同位素年龄及冰盖冰川搬运、人造金刚石干扰等领域研究最新进展

根据山东蒙阴各类金伯利岩及其相关幔源捕掳体的化学成分,研究了金伯利岩壳源混染程度与岩石类型之间的关系。发现橄榄岩—碎裂状橄榄岩—粗斑金伯利岩—细粒金伯利岩之间,其壳源混染程度逐渐增高。粗斑金伯利岩的壳源混染程度接近碎裂状橄榄岩,表明粗斑金伯利岩是碎裂状橄榄岩的进一步碎裂的产物;金伯利岩经历了地幔橄榄岩的部分熔融形成碎裂状橄榄岩、斑状金伯利岩。根据金伯利岩中大理岩包体、黄铁矿的Re-Os同位素研究,获得了蒙阴金伯利岩的侵位时间分别为227.97Ma和245.80Ma,属于三叠纪,与苏鲁-大别造山带的形成时间一致,由此分析蒙阴金伯利岩的侵位与扬子板块和华北板块的碰撞有关,也似乎暗示了华北克拉通破坏的初始阶段。华北冰盖冰川对于金刚石的搬运方式、搬运路径与流水搬运之间存在巨大差异,需要对金刚石的供源与分散进行重新认识。地表大量分布的人造金刚石对金刚石的找矿工作已经造成干扰与误导,需要引起重视。     

The hydrology of sand rivers in Zimbabwe and the use of remote sensing to assess their level of saturation

Sand rivers are ephemeral watercourses containing sand that are occasionally flooded with rainwater runoff during the rainy season. Although the riverbed appears dry for most of the year, there is perennial groundwater flow within the sand. This water flowing beneath the surface is a valuable resource for local communities; nonetheless our understanding of such river systems is limited. Hence, this paper aims to improve our understanding of the hydrology of sand rivers and to examine the potential use of remote sensing to detect the presence of water in the sand. The relationship between rainfall events and changes in the water level of two sand rivers in the Matabeleland South Province of Zimbabwe was investigated. A lagged relationship was observed for the Manzamnyama River but for the Shashani River the relationship was seen only when considering cumulative rainfall events. The comparison of the modelled flow as simulated by a water balance model with observations revealed the important influence of the effective sediment depth on the recharge and recession of the alluvial channels in addition to the length of the channel. The possibility of detecting water in the alluvial sands was investigated using remote sensing. During the wet season, optical images showed that the presence of water on the riverbed was associated with a smooth signal, as it tends to reflect the incident radiation. A chronological analysis of radar images for different months of the year demonstrates that it is possible to detect the presence of water in the sand rivers. These results are a first step towards the development of a methodology that would aim to use remote sensing to help reducing survey costs by guiding exploratory activities to areas showing signs of water abstraction potential.     

STRATA反演技术及其在YK地区解释砂体的应用

地震波阻抗反演技术是国内、外油气储层预测的关键技术之一。针对YK三维工区目的层砂体薄、横向变化快的特点,运用STRATA反演技术对其进行砂体预测。这里论述了STRA-TA反演的基本原理,实现流程,关键环节,以及在实际工区的运用。通过对反演结果的分析,明确了砂体的空间分布范围以及砂体的厚度,并做出了砂体视厚度平面分布图,对进一步勘探开发提供了明确的目标。     

Seismotectonic outline of South-Eastern Sicily: an evaluation of available options for the earthquake fault rupture scenario

Seismotectonic information and interpretations available for SE Sicily suggest three groups of possible sources for the M=7.1-7.5 mainshock of 1693 and its strong foreshock: (1) normal faults belonging to the Ibleo Maltese Escarpment (also: Malta Escarpment); (2) normal faults associated with the two adjacent Simeto and Scordia-Lentini structures; (3) a transfer structure between the Sicily Straits rift system and the two grabens to the north. We use a new kinematic model to invert the data sets of macroseismic intensities of the two earthquakes to retrieve information on their sources. For this, we invert point observations, or intensities tessellated with the Voronoi polygons technique, and treat residuals of inversion in the matrix of points, or in the tessellated plane. Our inversions of the regional intensity patterns using this technique show that family N°3 is a good candidate for the foreshock of 9 January, 1693. For the mainshock of 11 January, 1693, an almost perfect synthesis of its intensity IX area was obtained with our model and a source belonging to family N°3. However, all information considered (tsunami included), this earthquake could have been produced either by (3) or by a fault located along the Ibleo-Maltese Escarpment, and tangential to the Augusta and Siracusa promontories.     

走向21世纪的城市减灾研究

探索城市的综合减灾能力从而保持城市的可持续发展,是摆在所有城市建设科技工作者及管理者面前的一个重要问题。选取这个问题的一个重要方面即城市灾害现象、致灾因子、城市综合减灾等进行分析,并对２１世纪的中国城市综合减灾提出可供参考的建议。     

地震前兆信息量的研究：（二）地震前兆信息量的综合数学表达式

首先介绍了罗兰格研究员关于地震前兆信息量的研究思想,他在系统地分析了地震前铛信息量所应具备的一些基本特征基础上,将这些特征进行高度概括并加以抽象化,给出了地震前兆信息量综合数学表达式。经我们对实际地震观测资料进行计算,表明该表达式不仅可将各种地震观测资料的持续异常变化统一地转化为地震前兆信息量,而且还能定量地描述异常结束后期前兆信息的延续性、从而使地震异常所展示的前兆信息更加清晰化、直观化,完整化