Mie scattering and charge transfer phenomena as causes of the UV edge in the absorption spectra of natural and synthetic almandine garnets

 The UV edge in the electronic absorption spectra of minerals, in many cases influencing their colour, is generally interpreted as the low-energy wing of very strong UV bands caused by ligand–metal charge transfer (CT) transitions (e.g. Burns 1993). However, Mie scattering theory shows that the presence of randomly distributed submicroscopic inclusions with narrow size distribution and a refractive index n _i in a matrix with different refractive index n _m may give rise to a λ-dependent, band-like scattering (e.g. Kortüm 1969). Such scattering bands have so far not been considered as contributing to the UV edge. Single-crystal electronic absorption spectra of eight natural almandine-rich garnets (Alm₆₀–Alm₈₈), two synthetic almandine samples (Alm₁₀₀), all of different colours, and synthetic spessartine were studied by means of a Zeiss microscope-spectrometer in the range 40 000–20 000 cm⁻¹. Special techniques of spectral measurements with crossed analyzer and polarizer, which enable the registration of the scattering effect directly, were used as well. Four of the above garnets were also investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Different types of inclusions, from 10 to several 100 nm in size, were observed in the garnet matrices. They are abundant in cores of synthetic garnets, but very rare in most natural almandines studied. Electronic absorption spectra of the natural almandine garnets show largely varying UV edge position and, hence, intensity at a given wavenumber which correlates with the intensities of spin-forbidden dd bands of Fe³⁺ ions at 27 000 and 28 000 cm⁻¹, superimposed on the long energy slope of the UV absorption. There are also positive correlations between Ti⁴⁺ and Fe³⁺ content, the latter recalculated on the basis of garnet stoichiometry, and UV edge intensity. Thus, the presence of Ti⁴⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions in octahedra, even in very low concentrations (0.0n at. pfu), leads to CT phenomena, that probably involve Fe²⁺ ions in edge-shared dodecahedral position and intensifies ligand- to-metal CT. The different colours of natural almandine garnets with similar Fe²⁺ contents studied here are caused by this effect. Consistent with the absence of inclusions in most natural garnets studied, λ-dependent scattering plays no role in their UV absorption. In contrast, in synthetic almandine and spessartine crystals, a different intensity of UV absorption was observed in inclusion-free rims and inclusion-enriched cores. Some of the latter demonstrate typical scattering patterns when measured at crossed polarizers. Received: 10 April 2001 / Accepted: 27 September 2001     

Geophysical profiling across the Sulu ultra-high-pressure metamorphic belt, eastern China

The largest ultra-high pressure metamorphic (UHPM) belt in the world is located along the Dabie–Sulu region, which tectonically belongs to the east part of the central orogenic belt of China. Integrated geophysical investigations of using deep seismic reflection, MT, and geothermal observations have been carried out in the Sulu area since 1997. The results of integrated interpretation suggest the existence of three features: (1) a rift beneath the Lianshui basin by the Jiashan–Xionshui fault; (2) a special crustal pattern, called the magmatic multi-arch structure occurs beneath the northern Sulu UHPM zone; and (3) a northwest-dipping regional thrust crosses the Sulu crust, representing the intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Sulu metamorphic belts after collision between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons. A magmatic multi-arch structure consists of some arched reflectors that occur in both the lower and the upper crust where arched reflectors coincide with granitoid plutons. The multi-arch structures are common in eastern China where many Mesozoic granitoid plutons of different scales occur. The crustal structures in the Sulu metamorphic belts resulted from intensive dynamic processes following the Triassic collision between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean cratons. The formation and exhumation of UHPM rocks followed the collision, and then intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Dabie–Sulu terranes took place in the early and middle Jurassic. In the late Jurassic, the Sulu lithosphere turned to an extensional regime, large-scale granitic intrusions occurred in eastern China; these likely resulted from lithospheric thinning and asthenospheric uplifting. The granitic intrusions came to a climax during the Cretaceous and were followed by rifting along existing faults in the early Eogene, resulting in many petroleum basins. The granitoid emplacement that generated the magmatic multi-arch structure and the rift were consequences of the lithospheric thinning process, and deep intracontinental subduction of the Yangtze craton beneath the Sulu metamorphic belt might partially contribute to the lithospheric thinning.     

闽台地区中强震电磁辐射信息异常特征探讨

本文根据莆田地震台近几年来电磁波观资料的分析 ,震例研究结果表明 ,电磁辐射信号常在震前存在着起始异常 -主异常 -衰减异常 -平静 -临震异常、在平静时地震的特征。本文对闽台地区几次中强地震电磁观测和研究以及对地震的短临预报起到了一定推动作用。     

Deterministic Approach for the Seismic Microzonation of Bucharest

— The mapping of the seismic ground motion in Bucharest, due to the strong Vrancea earthquakes is carried out using a complex hybrid waveform modeling method which combines the modal summation technique, valid for laterally homogeneous anelastic media, with finite-differences technique, and optimizes the advantages of both methods. For recent earthquakes, it is possible to validate the modeling by comparing the synthetic seismograms with the records. We consider for our computations the frequency range from 0.05 to 1.0 Hz and control the synthetic signals against the accelerograms of the Magurele station, low-pass filtered with a cut-off frequency of 1.0 Hz of the 3 last major strong (M_w > 6) Vrancea earthquakes. Using the hybrid method with a double-couple seismic source approximation, scaled for the source dimensions and relatively simple regional (bedrock) and local structure models, we succeeded in reproducing the recorded ground motion in Bucharest at a satisfactory level for seismic engineering. Extending the modeling to the entire territory of the Bucharest area, we construct a new seismic microzonation map, where five different zones are identified by their characteristic response spectra.     

地下工程塌方的综合物探研究

当地下工程发生塌方失去对坍塌体进行直接探测的条件时,可采用物探方法查清塌方原因及其形态与规模.物探方法的选择应根据现场的实际工作环境及介质条件,并结合塌方距离地表的深浅,进行综合考虑.由于物性的多样化、物性层与地质层存在差异,单一的物探方法难免有误.采用综合物探方法,用多种参数从不同的物性角度进行观测分析、相互验证,才能获得最佳的探测效果.本文通过实例,介绍了地下工程塌方综合物探的工作方法及相关经验.     

工业用水优化配置模型研究

探讨了工业部门内部水资源优化配置理论与方法，建立了水资源优化配置经济效益模型。在此基础上，深入研究了经济效益、社会效益、环境效益、水资源的可持续利用及其与国民经济、社会的协调发展等因素对水资源优化配置的影响。通过对上述影响因素的分析，给出了工业内部各行业综合影响系数的计算公式，建立了水资源优化配置综合效益数学模型。以山东省高密市为例，在收集分析了各行业的用水量、产值、利税等基本资料的基础上，以每个行业的历史用水量为样本，采用数理统计的方法推求出行业需水量上、下限，并利用综合效益模型，以1989年7月这一最枯月份为例，对工业内部各行业进行水资源重分配，结果比较符合实际情况。     

岩溶塌陷稳定性的灰色模糊综合评判

根据建设用地地质灾害危险性评估的特点,选择4个一级因素和13个二级因素构建岩溶塌陷稳定性评估的两层次指标体系,通过模糊关系来刻画因素与稳定性等级间的关系、以灰度来描述信息的不充分程度,在此基础上介绍灰色模糊综合评判的建模方法。实例说明该方法的评价结果客观可靠,具有良好的实用价值。