Estimation de L'équivalent en Eau du Couvert Nival en Montagne Libanaise à Partir des Images RADARSAT-1/Estimation of Water Equivalent of the Snow Cover in Lebanese Mountains by Means of RADARSAT-1 Images

Abstract

The assessment of the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources in Mediterranean region is crucial for the better management of available resources. In Lebanon in particular, the snow is a crucial parameter for water supply. However, few research works were performed until now to study this potential resource because of difficulties inherent to the measurement of the water volume stored by snow. Remote sensing, and more specifically radar imaging, is the favourite tool for investigating the now water equivalent. This study aims to assess the potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging for estimating the snow water equivalent in relation with eight experimental sites distributed over the high plateaus of the Lebanese mountains. With this purpose, an algorithm was tested, which links the backscattering coefficient to physical parameters of the snow and underlying soil, and which allows to assess the water equivalent from the backscattering ratios of a winter scene and a reference scene taken during a period with no snow. To this end, four RADARSAT images were acquired during winter 2001, concurrently to field observations. The model was developed in Quebec for regions with low relief, whereas relief has a decisive influence on the radar signal and on the geometry of images, in a context of high mountains. Consequently, radiometric and geometric corrections were compulsory in order to reduce distortions dues to topographical effects. The preliminary results corroborate the existence of a series of limitations to the application of the algorithm to the particular conditions of the Lebanese snow cover: heterogeneity, accelerated metamorphism and high content of liquid water.     

Statistical inverse analysis based on genetic algorithm and principal component analysis: Method and developments using synthetic data

This study concerns the identification of parameters of soil constitutive models from geotechnical measurements by inverse analysis. To deal with the non‐uniqueness of the solution, the inverse analysis is based on a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization process. For a given uncertainty on the measurements, the GA identifies a set of solutions. A statistical method based on a principal component analysis (PCA) is, then, proposed to evaluate the representativeness of this set. It is shown that this representativeness is controlled by the GA population size for which an optimal value can be defined. The PCA also gives a first‐order approximation of the solution set of the inverse problem as an ellipsoid. These developments are first made on a synthetic excavation problem and on a pressuremeter test. Some experimental applications are, then, studied in a companion paper, to show the reliability of the method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单裂隙粗砂岩渗流规律试验研究

以石嘴山矿西翼采区为研究背景,通过三轴应力作用下岩石单裂隙渗流试验、裂隙开度与有效压力关系试验和大尺度岩石表面粗糙度量测试验,结合渗流力学基本理论,揭示了三维应力下单裂隙粗砂岩渗流规律,建立了有效压力、裂隙开度与渗透系数的关系式,以期丰富裂隙岩体渗流的理论研究。     

Ground Surface Ruptures and Near‐Fault,Large‐Scale Displacements Caused by the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake Derived from Pixel Offset Tracking on Synthetic Aperture Radar Images

The 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake produced surface displacements along the causative fault, the Yingxiu–Beichuan Fault, which are up to several meters near the fault. Because of the large gradient, satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometric data are strongly incoherent; the usual SAR interferometry method does not allow such displacements to be measured. In the present study, we employed another approach, the technique based on pixel offset tracking, to solve this problem. The used image data of six tracks are from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite, Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS/ PALSAR) dataset of Japan. The results show that the entire surface rupture belt is 238 km long, extending almost linearly in a direction of 42° north–east. It is offset left laterally by a north–west-striking fault at Xiaoyudong, and turns at Gaochuan, where the rupture belt shifts toward the south by 5 km, largely keeping the original trend. In terms of the features of the rupture traces, the rupture belt can be divided into five sections and three types. Among them, the Beichuan–Chaping and Hongkou–Yingxiu sections are relatively complex, with large widths and variable traces along the trend. The Pingtong–Nanba and Qingping–Jingtang sections appear uniform, characterized by straight traces and small widths. West of Yingxiu, the rupture traces are not clear. North of the rupture belt, surface displacements are 2.95 m on average, mostly 2–3.5 m, with 7–9 m the maximum near Beichuan. South of the rupture belt, the average displacement is 1.75 m, dominated by 1–2 m, with 3–4 m at a few sites. In the north, the displacements in the radar line of sight are of subsidence, and in the south, they are uplifted, in accordance with a right-slip motion that moves the northern wall of the fault to the east, and the southern wall to the west, respectively. Along the Guanxian–Jiangyou Fault, there is a uplift zone in the radar line of sight, which is 66 km long, 1.5–6 km wide, and has vertical displacements of approximately 2 m, but no observable rupture traces.     

基于遗传算法的相位差法波前检测piston误差

光学综合孔径望远镜常常因为子望远镜间的失调大于1λ产生相位差,影响望远镜的分辨能力。基于相位差法的检测技术,可以检测出子望远镜间的微小失调误差。提出了相位差波前检测方法与遗传算法相结合,设计了一个相位差波前传感器,进行综合孔径望远系统的piston误差检测。在计算机模拟成像系统的基础上,仿真结果证明,基于遗传算法的相位差波前检测方法可以较准确地恢复波前相位,检测piston误差。     

HPHT合成钻石在首饰中的鉴别特征

国家黄金钻石制品质量监督检验中心收到待检的百余件群镶钻石首饰中发现混有大量HPHT合成黄色钻石.采用宝石显微镜、红外光谱仪、X射线荧光光谱仪、紫外可见光分光光谱仪、紫外荧光灯、DiamondView^TM等对HPHT合成钻石样品做了详细地测试与分析.结果表明,这些HPHT合成钻石样品具有较为统一的黄色,放大检查可见合成钻石内部含有大量棒状、柱状、细小微粒状的铁镍合金包裹体,且几乎都有磁性,有些磁性甚至较强;样品的红外反射光谱非常特征,均具有明显的1 131 cm^-1处的吸收峰,为Ⅰb型钻石,而Ⅰb型钻石在天然钻石中极少见到;X射线荧光光谱测试显示有强烈的铁峰和镍峰,且在短波紫外线下多数具有绿黄色荧光.HPHT合成钻石在DiamondView^TM下具有不同程度的黄绿色荧光,部分具有黑十字现象.     

星载合成孔径雷达回波数据仿真研究

本文对星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像仿真方法进行了研究,在分析并建立合成孔径雷达回波信号数学模型的基础上,提出了基于分布目标的SAR回波信号数据仿真,进而提出了一种与传统实现方法不同的SAR原始回波数据的生成方法,并用这种方法进行了初步的建模和仿真,验证了其有效性。     

渤海湾西部浅海区活牡蛎礁调查结果及资源保护建议

采用旁侧声呐、浅地层剖面仪和单波束水深测量多种物探仪器联机,同步调查天津大神堂浅海区的水下活牡蛎礁资源,为合理保护活牡蛎礁资源提供科学依据。调查结果表明,该区活牡蛎资源由3个分散礁体组成,总面积仅约3km2,礁体最大厚度1.2m,平均厚度0.6m;调查区海底地形平坦,水深介于3.4~5.6m之间,因受人类活动严重破坏,仅在有礁体发育的局部范围内有高程约1m的起伏波动。为了生态资源的完整,必须对现存的活牡蛎礁体进行保护和恢复。     

东胜矿区哈拉沟井田地质灾害危险性评估

在详细调查研究区内地质灾害现状的情况下,对采煤引起的覆岩破坏、地表变形等进行了预测,并采用模糊综合评判二次评价模型对地质灾害危险性进行了综合预测。结果表明,研究区地质灾害现状不发育,但井下采矿工程对地面建筑物的危险性大,易引发崩塌、地裂缝、地面塌陷等灾害;预测地质灾害危险大区分布于井田北部、东部和南部,危险性中等区则位于井田中部。预测结果对于矿井的安全生产具有一定的指导意义。     

GeoWatch InSAR数据处理技术及在天津地面沉降监测中的应用

本文介绍了一种新的星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量数据处理技术（GeoWatch InSAR技术）,具有下述特点和优势：1.对城市和郊区农村全面连续覆盖,不仅包括建筑物,而且包括路面、广场、飞机跑道等其他地物和半植被覆盖的自然地区;2.合成处理多景/多波段/多模式/多极化/多轨道/多卫星平台的数据,从而缩短观测时间,提高精度和覆盖;3.所有结果为真正射投影图像,支持各种比例尺和范围的面状连续监测;4.支持ERS-1＆2、ENVISAT、ALOS PALSAR、JERS-1、RADARSAT-1＆2、TerraSAR、COSMO-SkyMed（CSK）和将来中国的HJ1小雷达卫星群。用此技术处理了天津地区的ENVISAT数据,得到了范围（抽样间隔）分别为100km×100km（50m×50m）、天津市（20m×20m）、廊坊市（15m×15m）及胜芳镇（7m×7m）的全面连续的地面沉降率图像,显示了它在地面沉降监测中的独特优势和应用前景。