网络RTK内插和外推比较分析

GPS流动站用户在使用网络RTK时,会出现在基准站网区域范围内和区域范围外两种情况,文中从数学模型和实例数据计算两方面,详细分析和比较网络RTK中内插和外推综合误差时的精度差异。     

基于精确距离模型的改进R-D算法

本文利用合成孔径雷达(SAR)最为精确的标准斜视距离模型,推导出了一种适合斜视SAR精确成像的改进距离-多普勒(R-D)算法。文章进一步分析了SAR的四种距离模型,将已有的三种R-D算法以及本文提出的改进R-D算法和四种距离模型之间建立了一一映射,指出了四种R-D算法之间的本质区别。最后对四种R-D算法进行了仿真,结果表明本文给出的改进R-D算法最能够适应斜视情况下的精确成像。     

基于高分SAR影像的城市用地变化检测

SAR技术的发展使得该技术在人们生活和生产中发挥着越来越重要的作用,而且高分辨率SAR影像的使用推动了SAR技术在各个方面的研究和应用,其中对城市用地的变化监测效果十分明显。本文采用4景前后时间相差11个月的Terra SAR-X数据,运用对数比值法构造差异影像,最后使用马尔科夫随机场模型提取出城市建筑物用地变化区域。最终得到的结果与人工目视解译结果的重合率达到80%以上,表明该方法行之有效,可以推广生产。     

IPTA方法在地面沉降监测中的应用

干涉点目标分析(IPTA)技术是一种新兴的In SAR形变测量技术。它克服了常规雷达差分干涉测量(DIn SAR)受失相干因素和大气延迟影响较大的问题。介绍了IPTA方法及处理流程,并对参数迭代估计、基线精化等关键问题进行了阐述。对加利福尼亚州安大略市的39幅ENVISAT ASAR数据进行IPTA处理,提取了2005—2010年间的地面沉降信息并进行了形变分析。结果表明,该方法在大范围地面沉降监测中应用效果良好。     

损伤聚酯纤维系缆动刚度特性实验研究

系泊系统设计和分析是深海油气开发平台的关键问题,对于采用合成纤维系缆的绷紧式系泊系统,由于材料属性和安装、使用等因素可能造成缆绳不同程度的损伤,因此有必要研究损伤缆在复杂海况下的非线性动力特性尤其是动刚度演变规律。采用合成纤维系缆循环加载实验系统,对6 mm和8 mm的聚酯(polyester)缆绳试样进行实验研究。引入损伤度指标衡量缆绳的损伤程度,通过剪切股纱减小缆绳的有效承载面积以制造损伤,分别考察了损伤度、平均载荷、应变幅值和循环周次对缆绳动刚度的影响。通过量纲分析得到损伤缆动刚度相似准则,在此基础上分析实验数据获得考虑各主要影响因素的动刚度演变经验公式。这些工作为今后更为复杂的全尺寸损伤缆绳的动刚度研究奠定了基础。     

Simulation of synthetic ground motions for specified earthquake and site characteristics

A method for generating a suite of synthetic ground motion time‐histories for specified earthquake and site characteristics defining a design scenario is presented. The method employs a parameterized stochastic model that is based on a modulated, filtered white‐noise process. The model parameters characterize the evolving intensity, predominant frequency, and bandwidth of the acceleration time‐history, and can be identified by matching the statistics of the model to the statistics of a target‐recorded accelerogram. Sample ‘observations’ of the parameters are obtained by fitting the model to a subset of the NGA database for far‐field strong ground motion records on firm ground. Using this sample, predictive equations are developed for the model parameters in terms of the faulting mechanism, earthquake magnitude, source‐to‐site distance, and the site shear‐wave velocity. For any specified set of these earthquake and site characteristics, sets of the model parameters are generated, which are in turn used in the stochastic model to generate the ensemble of synthetic ground motions. The resulting synthetic acceleration as well as corresponding velocity and displacement time‐histories capture the main features of real earthquake ground motions, including the intensity, duration, spectral content, and peak values. Furthermore, the statistics of their resulting elastic response spectra closely agree with both the median and the variability of response spectra of recorded ground motions, as reflected in the existing prediction equations based on the NGA database. The proposed method can be used in seismic design and analysis in conjunction with or instead of recorded ground motions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

山区县域农业可持续发展综合评价研究——以五华县为例

在阐述山区县域农业复合系统特征的基础上,通过专家咨询,建立了山区县域农业可持续发展评价指标体系。构建了山区县域农业可持续发展协调度函数, 弥补了目前区域农业可持续发展评价体系在反映可持续发展协调性方面的不足。运用定性和定量综合集成方法确定指标权重及构建综合评价模型,并结合五华县对山区县域农业可持续发展现状进行综合评价,依据评价结果分析了山区县域农业可持续发展现状下的制约因子,提出了农业可持续发展的对策。     

青海省金矿综合信息预测

以金矿床密集区为模型单元、金异常密集区为预测单元,建立综合信息找矿模型进行成矿预测。结果表明,该区的金矿大都分布在不同大地构造单元结合部位;处于前震旦纪变质岩系出露及隐伏基底边缘;位于出露和隐伏中酸性岩体及其接触带;位于重磁环线、线线构造交汇处等。首次在青海省开展大型、超大型金矿预测,提出在已知大型、超大型矿床密集区内寻找姊妹矿床的思路。     

Clark's and Espey's unit hydrographs vs the gamma unit hydrograph / Les hydrogrammes unitaires de Clark et de Espey vs l'hydrogramme unitaire de forme loi gamma

Abstract

A two-parameter gamma distribution for synthetic unit hydrographs (SUH) is compared with the Clark's and Espey's SUHs. A critical comparison of Clark's and gamma UHs, in terms of recession characteristics and time–area curve, is presented. It is observed that, in principle, a gamma UH can represent the hydrograph recession better than the Clark's UH does. Selection of a time–area curve is needed for obtaining the Clark's UH. The main problem in developing a SUH using the Clark's method is identified as the non-availability of a parametric form of the time–area curve. The time–area curve as represented in the hydrological model HEC-1, for the use in Clark's method, is found inadequate and unjustified. Gamma UHs obtained without optimization, for several examples, are found consistent with their physical meanings and better than the respective Clark's UH in reproducing runoff obtained with optimization. The parameters of Clark's UH (i.e. time of concentration and recession constant), as optimized through the HEC-1 program, are found inconsistent with their empirical origins and physical meanings; these lose their physical meaning and serve only as fitting parameters. This is due to the inappropriate time–area curve. A gamma UH has also the advantage of having fewer parameters than Clark's UH, which makes it more identifiable while still maintaining a connection with the physics of the problem. Espey's SUH for urban watersheds is transmuted to a gamma distribution using the empirical equations for the peak and time to peak of the UH. A numerical UH for a gauged catchment, generally obtained through linear programming or a least-squares approach, can be easily transmuted to a gamma UH and, hence, can be given a conceptual interpretation. Thus, these can also be used for developing a SUH.     

Towards monitoring groundwater‐dependent ecosystems using synthetic aperture radar imagery

Mapping of groundwater‐dependent ecosystems (GDEs) relies largely on assumption‐laden evaporation models, and few global, direct, and real‐time monitoring techniques exist. We propose a new synthetic aperture radar imagery‐derived index, SARGDE, to identify and monitor these ecosystems across Australia. The index captures vegetation reliance on groundwater during dry periods by estimating the relative stability of foliage and branch structure from the vertical/horizontal cross‐polarized band and InSAR coherence. SARGDE is tested over two contrasting study sites in Australia. To build and verify the index, a total of 90 Sentinel‐1 interferometric wide images are processed and stacked in two data‐cubes. GDE response to the SAR signal is explored using a non‐linear dimension reduction algorithm. Relevant statistical parameters are derived from data‐cubes and combined to form the index. As the index relies on a 1‐year time series of globally, freely available, and cloud‐insensitive SAR imagery, SARGDE offers unprecedented capabilities for large‐scale, annual monitoring of GDEs. Such monitoring will aid reconciliation of human and ecosystem groundwater needs by acting as a systematic monitoring tool, helping policy makers to assure ecosystem sustainability where impacts related to mining, agriculture, or climate change may occur.