CloudSat卫星及其在天气和云观测分析中的应用

介绍了2006年4月28日成功发射的第1颗以对云层特性进行全球主动遥感测量CloudSat卫星的观测仪器、工作参数、运行方式、数据产品及“A—Train”卫星群等基本概况。CloudSat卫星主要有效载荷是94GHz（3mm波）云雷达,它可以“切开”云层,获得许多有关云的最新气象数据,主要数据产品包括了云的宏观物理参量和微观物理参量。介绍了CloudSat卫星已获得的典型天气和云的初期观测结果：从首次观测的云三维图片,可以清楚地看到南极洲上空风暴云的垂直剖面结构特征;从首张获得降雪云的垂直剖面图像可以得到降雪云层的发展状态以及结构特点;使用CloudSat统计数据可分析全球水凝物的分布特征。将TRMM卫星上的测雨雷达与CloudSat卫星上的云雷达联合观测研究,可以获得从薄云到浓厚云及降水的精细垂直结构特征。通过下载的CloudSat观测资料,对我国典型台风和层状云系等两类不同天气条件下云的宏微观结构特征等进行了初步分析,可以看到台风眼区附近云系的垂直结构随台风发展不同阶段的演变;从层状云系的垂直剖面可以清楚地发现云层的内部分层结构及不同相态的垂直分布特征等。     

X-ray CT and hydraulic evidence for a relationship between fracture conductivity and adjacent matrix porosity

Multi-phase flow in fractured rocks plays an important role in any hydrocarbon recovery process, be it for environmental remediation or natural oil and gas extraction. Fractures may form the primary production conduits, and the mass transport at the fracture interfaces with the matrix determines the effectiveness of extraction processes. This paper presents specific evidence for a relationship between fracture apertures and the porosity of the adjoining perpendicular layers in Berea sandstone samples. Measurements of fracture apertures were done with high-resolution Micro-Computed Tomography (MCT) with a voxel resolution of about 0.05 mm in three dimensions. Multi-phase fluid flow experiments were done using a medical CT scanner with a voxel resolution of about 1.00 × 0.25 × 0.25 mm. MCT evidence shows a correlation between aperture and the porosity of the intersected layers. The comparison was made by generating two-dimensional maps of matrix porosity and CT values adjacent to the fracture and of the corresponding fracture apertures. High-porosity layers are lined up with large fracture apertures. Multi-phase fluid experiments provided hydraulic evidence that the high-porosity layers have high permeability. Oil injection into a water-saturated sample was tracked by a sequence of transverse scans near the downstream tip of a fracture. The hydraulic evidence from the two-phase flow experiments also confirms high permeability in fracture strips adjacent to high-porosity and high-permeability layers. The reasons for the relationship between fracture aperture and the properties of the adjacent layers are not fully understood. Some explanation for the physical and hydraulic observations rests in the method of fracturing, fracture propagation, and the lithological characteristics of the rock.     

Sedimentary processes on the Crimean continental margin in the Black Sea

Structural specific features of the sedimentary succession on the continental margin of the South Crimea in the Black Sea have been examined in the Yalta Area using geomorphologic, acoustic, and lithologic methods. Alternation of regressive and transgressive sequences has been ascertained in sediment sections formed on the shelf and in the Yalta deep-sea fan due to Quaternary oscillations of the basin level. The analysis of sediment sections resulted in revealing a leading role of sedimentary material transference from upper hypsometric levels to lower ones in the sediment accumulation.     

利用SVM的全极化、双极化与单极化SAR图像分类性能的比较

支持向量机(SVM)以其在小训练样本时良好的分类性能,目前已广泛应用于多个领域.本文在极化SAR图像特征提取基础上,将SVM应用于极化SAR图像分类,定性和定量地比较了全极化、双极化和单极化SAR图像的分类性能,分析了不同的极化组合对分类结果的影响,并根据地物极化散射特性分析了分类精度差异的成因.实测极化SAR数据的实验结果表明,全极化数据能获得最好的分类性能,双极化次之,单极化最低,且在某些情况下,双极化与全极化分类性能接近.     

在役公路梁式桥综合震害等级预测研究

为客观预测在役公路梁式桥综合震害状况,考虑在役桥梁在运营期存在的病害问题,从压力和承压两方面建立在役公路梁式桥综合震害预测评价指标体系。以桥梁作为承灾体,建立在役公路梁式桥综合震害物元可拓模型,运用熵权法进行赋权,确定桥梁的综合震害状况。以一座在役梁式桥为例,运用上述模型确定算例的综合震害状况。研究结果表明,该桥的综合震害等级为Ⅲ级,破坏等级中等,且根据结果分析影响桥梁震害程度的主要影响因素;该模型通过对多个指标关联系数的综合分析来评价在役梁式桥的综合震害等级,极大地提高了该模型评估的准确率及可靠性,为桥梁震害等级的预测提供一定的参考,对提升桥梁综合抗震能力具有积极意义。     

褶皱构造的曲率分析及其裂缝估算--以江汉盆地王场褶皱为例

曲面曲率的几何意义可以反映曲面一点邻近区域的具体形态和变形特征,因而可以用来研究褶皱层面的变形特征、构造样式及其可展性.褶皱面裂缝发育主要为一组张裂系,张裂隙走向与最大主曲率的方向垂直.褶皱构造的主曲率在一定程度上可以反映与褶皱有关的张裂隙的发育情况.对于圆柱状褶皱可以估算与褶皱有关的裂缝孔隙度和渗透率.以王场褶皱构造面为例,通过计算二次趋势面的特征值和特征向量得到褶皱构造面主曲率的大小和方向,确定该褶皱为圆柱状褶皱,并对与之相关的裂缝孔隙度和渗透率进行了估算.     

江陵凹陷北部高速玄武岩下二维广角地震初探

江汉油田江陵凹陷北部高速玄武岩发育,利用常规地震资料很难得到高速玄武岩下的地震反射。分析研究表明,广角地震有利于玄武岩下的地震成像。通过综合正演和实际地震数据完成了广角地震资料的处理,获得了江陵凹陷北部高速玄武岩下的反射地震信息。在开展广角地震波场的识别和利用研究过程中,从正演模型出发,探讨了在不同地质条件下高速层对地震波场的影响,并针对靶区资料讨论了如何识别广角地震信息。在上述基础上,通过对实际地震资料做精细的分析和处理,最终完成了高速玄武岩下地震资料的成像。     

‘Box‐Profile’ Ion Implants as Geochemical Reference Materials for Electron Probe Microanalysis and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Although electron probe microanalysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry are widely used analytical techniques for geochemical and mineralogical applications, metrologically rigorous quantification remains a major challenge for these methods. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) in particular is a matrix‐sensitive method, and the use of matrix‐matched reference materials (RMs) is essential to avoid significant analytical bias. A major problem is that the number of available RMs for SIMS is extremely small compared with the needs of analysts. One approach for the production of matrix‐specific RMs is the use of high‐energy ion implantation that introduces a known amount of a selected isotope into a material. We chose the more elaborate way of implanting a so‐called ‘box‐profile’ to generate a quasi‐homogeneous concentration of the implanted isotope in three dimensions, which allows RMs not only to be used for ion beam analysis but also makes them suitable for EPMA. For proof of concept, we used the thoroughly studied mineralogically and chemically ‘simple’ SiO₂ system. We implanted either ⁴⁷Ti or ⁴⁸Ti into synthetic, ultra‐high‐purity silica glass. Several ‘box‐profiles’ with mass fractions between 10 and 1000 μg g^?1 Ti and maximum depths of homogeneous Ti distribution between 200 nm and 3 μm were produced at the Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research of Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf. Multiple implantation steps using varying ion energies and ion doses were simulated with Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) software, optimising for the target concentrations, implantation depths and technical limits of the implanter. We characterised several implant test samples having different concentrations and maximum implantation depths by means of SIMS and other analytical techniques. The results show that the implant samples are suitable for use as reference materials for SIMS measurements. The multi‐energy ion implantation technique also appears to be a promising procedure for the production of EPMA‐suitable reference materials.     

结构增强型生成对抗网络SAR图像超分辨率重建

针对利用生成对抗网络模型(Generative Adversarial Network,GAN)重建SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)图像存在边缘细节信息不足和“伪影”(artifacts)现象,该文基于增强型超分辨率生成对抗网络(Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Networks,ESRGAN)光学模型,重新设计生成网络上采样重建模块和结构损失函数,提出一种结构增强型生成对抗网络SAR图像超分辨率重建算法,包括特征提取、特征增强和上采样重建3个模块:在特征提取模块采用小尺度卷积层对输入SAR图像进行低层次特征提取;在特征增强模块采用多个级联残差密集块(Residual-in-Residual Dense Block,RRDB)和卷积层提取输入特征;在上采样重建模块交替使用最近邻插值(Nearest Neighbor Interpolation,NNI)和亚像素卷积(Sub-Pixel Convolution,SPC)对特征进行放大重建,使特征信息交互融合。与传统插值算法和经典深度学习重建算法相比,该算法在视觉效果和定量评价方面均有显著提升,能够在保持原网络模型重建图像内容信息不丢失的基础上,增强重建图像边缘细节信息和减缓“伪影”现象,有利于后续目标识别和灾害监测等工作开展。     

基于双分支卷积神经网络的SAR与多光谱图像融合实验

针对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)和多光谱(Multi-Spectral,MS)融合图像中存在的空间细节模糊和颜色失真问题,该文兼顾光谱监督和空间细节监督,设计光谱损失函数和空间细节损失函数,提出一种基于双分支卷积神经网络(Convolution Neural Network,CNN)的SAR和MS图像融合算法。该算法网络框架包含光谱保持和细节提升两个分支:光谱保持分支通过上采样MS图像连接到网络的输出,直接将光谱信息传递到融合图像中;细节提升分支对SAR和MS图像通过高通滤波提取高频细节信息,然后应用CNN对细节信息进行特征提取、特征融合及重建,最后将重建的细节信息叠加到上采样的MS图像,得到融合结果。以哨兵-1B GRD级别的SAR图像和Landsat8卫星多光谱图像为实验数据,通过与传统融合算法和深度学习算法RSIFNN进行对比,结果表明,该文算法在定性和定量评价方面效果更好,能够在保持光谱信息的基础上增强多光谱图像的空间细节信息,有利于后续地物分类和目标识别等工作的开展。