点状地图符号数据结构同化研究

从点状地图符号的构建和共享角度出发,分析了基于TrueType、图元法以及CAD图块符号等点状地图符号数据结构的优缺点。针对地图符号的图形特征,提出了一种基于路径的点状符号数据结构,给出了TrueType符号、图元符号、信息块符号到基于路径的点状符号同化方法。实验验证了基于路径的点状符号数据结构具有较强的描述能力和较强的扩展性。     

选权拟合法解的特性探讨

选权拟合法是解决大地测量中的不适定问题的一种方法,是对吉洪诺夫正则化方法的改造。在推导一般正则化解的偏差计算公式并回顾了选权拟合法的基本原理和公式的基础上,推导了选权拟合法解的一个重要性质:只要被约束的部分参数估值无偏,其余的也无偏;该性质说明利用选权拟合进行参数估计的结果是有条件无偏的。这个不同于一般正则化解的重要特性可以用于设计加快GPS短基线快速定位双差模糊度解算策略。恰当利用选权拟合法,用实测数据算例分析了GPS基线分量的先验信息的偏差大小对模糊度解算的影响。     

Inverse method applied to a sand wedge: Estimation of friction parameters and uncertainty analysis

We examine the fundamental mechanism of frontal accretion in a sand wedge from the occurrence of a forward thrust ramp evolving into a fault-bend fold to the jump of deformation to a new frontal ramp ahead. We use inverse problem theory to extract quantitative information on friction parameters from the systematic comparison of experimental observations and theoretical predictions. The observables are locations, dips and lifetime of thrust ramps, hinge and associated compression. The experimental values (observed data) are cast into statistical models describing the error bars. The theory of limit analysis provides calculated data, requiring five parameters : material density, friction coefficient of the décollement plane, friction coefficient of the bulk material, and the variation of friction with slip on the ramp as well as the distance for this variation. The misfit between observed data and calculated data is determined for all physically admissible values of the parameters. Values yielding a small misfit are interpreted as highly probable. The mean misfit per observable is within their error bars and therefore application of the theory reproduces the observables. Bulk and décollement friction coefficient values with high probability are compared to independent measurements. The inversion also reveals systematic discrepancies: the frictional weakening on the ramps is overestimated, while the force is underestimated, the calculated thrust sheet is longer than observed and the calculated jump to a second ramp occurs earlier than observed. These conclusions allow us to identify necessary improvements for the experimental set-up and of the theoretical assumptions.     

Free Return Trajectories in Lunar Missions

Four types of symmetric free return trajectories in the planar circular restricted three-body problem are computed and compared with each other. One of these four types is most applicable in practice. Concentrating ourselves on this special type of free return trajectory, the corresponding planar asymmetric cases are studied. Then the studies are generalized to the three-dimensional case. The restrictions on the inclination angle of the probe at the perilune are discussed. It is found that the maximum inclination at the perilune between the probe's orbit plane and the Moon's orbit plane is restricted by the heights of the perigee and the perilune of the free return trajectory. However, the inclination at the perigee is nearly not affected by them. At last, a strategy to design free return trajectories in the real Earth-Moon system is proposed. Some numerical simulations are done to show the feasibility of this orbit design strategy. The discussions from the planar case to the spatial case and then to the real force model can also be applied to the other three types of planar free return trajectories.     

降低接地电阻的方法探讨

文章首先简述了接地的概念和作用以及降低接地电阻的意义所在,其次总结了降低接地电阻的各种方法,如通过影响接地体附近土壤的电阻率,使用降阻剂等,同时接地电阻的大小也和接地体的形式变化,材料选择,埋设方式等有着密切的关系。最后通过几个实例说明了如何根据系统要求和实际情况来选择合适的降低接地电阻的方法。     

Application of a Derivative-Free Method with Projection Skill to Solve an Optimization Problem

Improving numerical forecasting skill in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences by solving optimization problems is an important issue. One such method is to compute the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation（CNOP）, which has been applied widely in predictability studies. In this study, the Differential Evolution（DE） algorithm, which is a derivative-free algorithm and has been applied to obtain CNOPs for exploring the uncertainty of terrestrial ecosystem processes, was employed to obtain the CNOPs for finite-dimensional optimization problems with ball constraint conditions using Burgers＇ equation. The aim was first to test if the CNOP calculated by the DE algorithm is similar to that computed by traditional optimization algorithms, such as the Spectral Projected Gradient（SPG2） algorithm. The second motive was to supply a possible route through which the CNOP approach can be applied in predictability studies in the atmospheric and oceanic sciences without obtaining a model adjoint system, or for optimization problems with non-differentiable cost functions. A projection skill was first explanted to the DE algorithm to calculate the CNOPs. To validate the algorithm, the SPG2 algorithm was also applied to obtain the CNOPs for the same optimization problems. The results showed that the CNOPs obtained by the DE algorithm were nearly the same as those obtained by the SPG2 algorithm in terms of their spatial distributions and nonlinear evolutions. The implication is that the DE algorithm could be employed to calculate the optimal values of optimization problems, especially for non-differentiable and nonlinear optimization problems associated with the atmospheric and oceanic sciences.     

How Collaborative Approaches to Environmental Problem Solving View Indigenous Peoples: A Systematic Review

Collaborative approaches to environmental problem solving are becoming commonplace around the world. These processes often occur in the traditional territories of Indigenous peoples. Hence, how Indigenous peoples are viewed in the collaboration literature is important because of the distinctive position they hold in many societies. In this article we conducted a systematic review of the collaboration literature that focused on environmental concerns and referred to Indigenous peoples. The goals were to identify how Indigenous peoples are discussed in this literature, and to reveal the assumptions that are made about the roles and views of Indigenous peoples and nations. The Indigenous governance literature was used to highlight the contrasting perspectives of Indigenous peoples. The systematic review revealed discordant assumptions about the roles of Indigenous peoples between these two bodies of literature. Implications for the theory and practice collaborative environmental problem solving are identified.     

陡坡区域正射影像拉丝问题自动修补算法研究

利用航空摄影方式制作山区正射影像时,山坡区域容易在正射影像上形成拉丝现象。根据拉丝区域的形成机制设计了一种自动检测和修补拉丝区域的算法,在减少工作量的同时,也大大提高了山区正射影像制作的真实性与产品质量。     

GIS 在县级土地整治规划符号库设计中的实践

在县级土地整治规划中,ArcGIS自带符号库不能很好地表达规划信息,需建立规划专题符号库。本文介绍了基于Font Creator5．6字体编辑器和ArcGIS符号管理器制作点、线、面符号的步骤和方法。在此基础上依据TD／T 1021-2009《县级土地利用总体规划制图规范》建立专题符号库。该符号库的设计方法简单、快捷,具有实用价值。     

Arno Peters: The man and his map

Abstract

This paper shows an experiment with tactile maps designed for visually impaired persons. Tests were carried out on a tactile map produced with 3D printing and including a new type of tactile symbols, volumetric symbols (3D). These symbols are localized faster than conventional flat relief symbols, with the same error rate, an improvement in the use of these tactile devices. Moreover, following tests, differences were found between types of participants with blind participants generally carrying out the proposed tasks better than the rest of users.