Verification of sediment transport rate parameter on cross-shore sediment transport analysis

The sediment transport parameter helps determining the amount of sediment transport in cross-shore direction. The sediment transport parameter therefore, should represent the effect of necessary environmental factors involved in cross-shore beach profile formation. However, all the previous studies carried out for defining shape parameter consider the parameter as a calibration value. The aim of this study is to add the effect of wave climate and grain size characteristics in the definition of transport rate parameter and thus witness their influence on the parameter. This is achieved by taking the difference in between “the equilibrium wave energy dissipation rate” and “the wave energy dissipation rate” to generate a definition for the bulk of sediment, dislocating within a given time interval until the beach tends reach an equilibrium conditions. The result yields that empirical definition of transport rate parameter primarily governs the time response of the beach profile. Smaller transport rate value gives a longer elapsed time before equilibrium is attained on the beach profile. It is shown that any significant change in sediment diameter or wave climate proportionally increases the value of the shape parameter. However, the effect of change in wave height or period on sediment transport parameter is not as credit to as mean sediment characteristics.     

Rethinking the longitudinal stream temperature paradigm: region‐wide comparison of thermal infrared imagery reveals unexpected complexity of river temperatures

Prevailing theory suggests that stream temperature warms asymptotically in a downstream direction, beginning at the temperature of the source in the headwaters and levelling off downstream as it converges to match meteorological conditions. However, there have been few empirical examples of longitudinal patterns of temperature in large rivers due to a paucity of data. We constructed longitudinal thermal profiles (temperature vs distance) for 53 rivers in the Pacific Northwest (USA) using an extensive data set of remotely sensed summertime river temperatures and classified each profile into one of five patterns of downstream warming: asymptotic (increasing then flattening), linear (increasing steadily), uniform (not changing), parabolic (increasing then decreasing), or complex (not fitting other classes). We evaluated (1) how frequently profiles warmed asymptotically downstream as expected, and (2) whether relationships between river temperature and common hydroclimatic variables differed by profile class. We found considerable diversity in profile shape, with 47% of rivers warming asymptotically and 53% having alternative profile shapes. Water temperature did not warm substantially over the course of the river for coastal parabolic and uniform profiles, and for some linear and complex profiles. Profile classes showed no clear geographical trends. The degree of correlation between river temperature and hydroclimatic variables differed among profile classes, but there was overlap among classes. Water temperature in rivers with asymptotic or parabolic profiles was positively correlated with August air temperature, tributary temperature and velocity, and negatively correlated with elevation, August precipitation, gradient and distance upstream. Conversely, associations were less apparent in rivers with linear, uniform or complex profiles. Factors contributing to the unique shape of parabolic profiles differed for coastal and inland rivers, where downstream cooling was influenced locally by climate or cool water inputs, respectively. Potential drivers of shape for complex profiles were specific to each river. These thermal patterns indicate diverse thermal habitats that may promote resilience of aquatic biota to climate change. Without this spatial context, climate change models may incorrectly estimate loss of thermally suitable habitat. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高分辨率光学遥感卫星宽幅成像技术发展浅析

幅宽是影响高分辨率光学遥感卫星应用的重要指标。本文分析了国际上高分辨率光学遥感卫星宽幅成像的主要途径,介绍了多CCD内视场拼接、多相机外视场拼接、敏捷成像、多星组网等主流宽幅成像方式及其数据处理的技术特点,同时分析了相机垂轨摆扫成像、大面阵相机敏捷拼幅成像等新型星载宽幅影像获取方式,有助于系统地了解高分辨率光学遥感卫星宽幅成像技术进展,对于展望其发展趋势具有一定的参考作用。     

利用单多普勒雷达资料分析垂直面上二维流场和热力平流的两个例子

用单部多普勒雷达观测资料,使用Browning,Hobbs等人和Locattelli等人的方法,计算了冬季极地气团涡旋内中尺度雨带法向垂直面上的二维流场和热力平流。得到的结果定性地和雨带的存在及不同发展阶段一致,和探空仪观测的结果基本一致,但是在定量的意义上本文得到的垂直速度偏高,冷暖平流区也非全部一致。用不同的方法处理资料得到的二维流场有明显变化。     

Seismic stratigraphy of the quaternary Yellow River delta,Bohai Sea,eastern China

The upper 40 m of stratigraphy of the Yellow River (Huang He) subaqueous delta has been well documented, but the nature of the underlying strata is currently unknown at high-resolution. To address this deficiency we used a Geopulse seismic system to image shallow sedimentary deposits up to 120 m deep on the Yellow River delta. High-resolution seismic reflection images were processed with a series of specific techniques (e.g. swelling attenuation, dynamic s/n filter; f-x deconvolution, predictive deconvolution dipscan stack), and used with borehole data to investigate the Quaternary offshore sequences in the Yellow River (Huang He) delta. Repetitive sequences were observed and interpreted as containing layers of transgressive and regressive deposits. Six seismic transgressive and regressive cycles are identified. Unit M₆F–C₆F correlates with a relative sea-level rise (173–157 ka) and fall (231–173 ka), while Unit M₅F–C₅F is associated with a relative sea-level rise (124–100 ka) and fall (157–124 ka). Unit M₄F–C₄F spans a period of sea-level fall at 100–87 ka, followed by a rise at 87–76 ka. Unit M₃F–C₃F is a transgressive–regressive cycle dated as 76–58 ka. Unit M₂F–C₂F correlates with relative sea level fall at 58.2–36 ka and subsequent rise at 36–22 ka. Unit M₁F–C₁F was deposited during relative sea level fall (22–18 ka), followed by a rise, especially since 8.5 ka.     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川冰芯剖面物理特征及其形成机理研究

冰芯中的化学成分,记录了古环境和古气候的诸多信息,已有广泛研究.而冰芯剖面的物理特征,由冰芯形成时的水热条件和冰川运动变质作用所决定,同样记录了气候、环境和冰川运动的诸多信息.根据在乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川钻取的6根冰芯的详尽资料,结合冰流模式对冰芯冰龄的估算,分析研究了不同冰川带冰芯剖面的物理特征、形成机理和相应的水热条件.结果表明:积累区冰芯以粒雪一冰交替的原生沉积层为主,受冰川流动引起的动力变质作用影响较小,与该区成冰环境和冰川温度密切相关;平衡线附近的冰芯4.3 m以上主要是由渗浸冻结冰组成的原生沉积层,与附近的成冰环境相吻合,以下部分主要是经过动力变质作用的冰体,源于冰川上部的积累物;消融区冰芯主要由冰川上部下流的冰川冰组成,模拟显示该区冰芯冰龄较长,受局部成冰环境的影响很小.通过对不同区域冰芯特征比较,发现各成冰带的冰芯组成及污化层差别较大;在东、西支冰川同时期冰芯剖面的对比中,发现海拔相近点冰芯剖面组构相近,说明通过冰芯资料来探讨冰川内部特征以及该区域气候环境演变历史等较具代表性.     

大牛地低产气井产气剖面测井资料解释方法探讨

当气井产量较低时,由于气相速度不足以将地层产水带出井筒,随着开发的时间推移,井筒内积液将不断增多,最终造成气井水淹,影响气井产能.文中建立了气携水状态下的力学模型,用于计算气携水流动状态下的气相流量,并根据井筒中上、中、下三段流型特征,提出了三段式气相流量计算方法.将该解释方法用于大牛地低产气井产气剖面测并资料的解释,结果表明新方法的解释结果和实际生产状况更吻合,提高了解释精度.     

东秦岭邓县—南漳反射地震剖面及其构造意义

邓县－南漳剖面叶是－邓县剖面南延部分，其反射地震剖面的测定使得从中朝克拉通到扬子克拉通横穿秦岭造山带的一条反射地震剖面得以完成。邓县－南漳反射地震剖面清楚显示了扬子克拉通地壳俯冲到秦岭造山带之下的客观事实，证明襄樊－广济断裂带（即北大别山－大巴山前缘断裂带）并不是一和板块缝合带，而是一条大陆壳俯冲断裂带，扬子克拉通的大陆地壳沿大约20km深的上地壳底面向秦岭造山带之下俯冲。     

珠江口外海域与珠江三角洲晚更新世以来的地层层序对比

本文综合运用珠江三角洲外南海北部陆架的地震测线和三角洲地区的钻孔资料进行联合解译,获得由浅海至陆地的层序地层剖面,辨识出三角洲地区4套地层层序和南海北部陆架6套地层层序及体系域,前者仅记录了2个沉积旋回和相应的2次海面变化,而后者记录了更多沉积旋回及相应的海平面波动.在海、陆层序对接和对比的基础上,文章重点把南海北部陆架6套地层层序与深海氧同位素阶段MIS6~MIS1进行了对比分析,认为珠江三角洲下旋回与南海北部陆架层序D相当,珠江三角洲下旋回对应着南海北部陆架MIS6~MIS5(距今15万年~8万年)时代的层序地层,MIS4~MIS2末次冰期低海面时期的三角洲沉积位于现今南海北部陆架之上,并未向北延伸到现代珠江三角洲地区.珠江三角洲和南海北部陆架的下沉都是南海陆缘扩张的表现.