Opportunities, constraints and pluriactivity in rural Romania during the transition period; preliminary observations

This paper presents some initial implications of the changes brought about by recent economic transformations within the Romanian rural sector during the current transition period. As a case study of those trends, within the context of pluriactivity and constraints to rural development, it looks at some characteristics of agricultural production in the Subcarpathian region of the county of Valcea, an area where collectivisation, and thus its influences, had been partial and limited. The paper links micro and macro view points. At the micro level, it looks at the coping strategies, based on pluriactivity, adopted by rural households under changing economic conditions. At the macro level, the paper discusses some of the possible factors supporting as well as hindering rural welfare levels and agricultural development under current economic conditions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of larval density and salinity on the development of perch larvae (Perca fluviatilis L.)

We performed two experiments, one to test whether survival and initial swim bladder inflation of perchPerca fluviatilis are affected by population density (4 or 16 larvae 1^–1) or salinity (0, 0.6 and 1.2), and the second to test the salinity tolerance of larvae. In experiment 1, survival was higher at low larval densities and at salinities of 0.6 and 1.2 rather than in fresh water. Initial swim bladder inflation was not affected by salinity or density. Average survival of fry 24 days after hatching varied from 29.6% to 86.3%, but only an average of 19.2% of the hatched larvae had grown into viable fish with an inflated swim bladder. In experiment 2, survival varied from 19% to 49%, but was not significantly affected by salinities of up to 4.8. At a salinity of 9.6, only 2 out of 344 larvae survived.     

中国互联网企业生存的时空格局及影响因素研究

“双创”政策引导下中国创业进入黄金时代,互联网日益成为地区竞争优势的新动能。论文基于1994—2019年中国互联网创业企业数据,利用空间计量和生存分析探究其时空格局及影响因素。研究发现：① 中国互联网创业企业的数量增长呈现前缓后陡的“S”型特征,不同代际的企业生存能力存在差异,但年轻企业的高生存风险在各个世代普遍存在。② 互联网创业企业的生存能力在区域间形成差异化格局：从现存数量看,大城市明显占据优势;从生存时间看,高值区主要集中在东部地区,但随着产业发展与进入数量激增,东部的资源优势与竞争压力并重,中部城市的生存优势反而有所显现。③ 个体、世代与环境因素对企业生存均有显著影响,企业规模与生命周期表现为稳定的保护作用,规模越大、获投轮次越高越有利于生存;较早进入的创业企业生存质量明显较高,创业环境对企业生存整体表现为风险因素。④ 随世代推移,企业规模与周期特征的保护作用下降,区域的孵化环境由激励效应转变为竞争效应,基础设施的保护作用逐渐减弱。研究可为中国互联网创新创业浪潮的纵贯解读提供实证支持,并为创业地理研究提供有益案例。     

紫贻贝与厚壳贻贝杂交子代生长和存活比较

利用辽宁大连的紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)与福建宁德的厚壳贻贝(M.coruscus)为亲本,采用2×2双列杂交设计,构建了紫贻贝自交组(M.galloprovincialis♀×M.galloprovincialis♂)、正交组(M.galloprovincialis♀×M.coruscus♂)、反交组(M.coruscus♀×M.galloprovincialis♂)与厚壳贻贝自交组(M.coruscus♀×M.coruscus♂)4个遗传组合,比较分析了受精率、孵化率、子代的成活率、生长数据等,探讨了紫贻贝与厚壳贻贝种间杂交的可行性,同时为贻贝良种选育提供参考。结果表明,自交组与反交组的受精强度具有不对称性,正交组与自交组受精率无差异,反交组的受精率及孵化率显著低于正交组与自交组(P0.05),且浮游幼虫不能正常存活;正交组子代具有生长优势,第9、11、13天的浮游幼虫及第78天的稚贝壳长均显著大于自交组(P0.05);正交组与紫贻贝自交组在整个幼虫阶段存活率无显著差异,在壳顶幼虫期显著高于厚壳贻贝自交组(P0.05)。     

小刀蛏室内人工育苗技术研究

本文研究了小刀蛏(Cultellus attenuatus)室内人工育苗技术。在繁殖季节选择壳长7.5cm亲贝,采用铺泥沙蓄养培育,以阴干+维生素浸泡刺激法获得精、卵,幼虫培育中人工控制幼虫密度,D形幼虫到壳顶幼虫前期为5~6个/mL,壳顶幼虫后期为1~2个/mL。进行了不同运输方式和不同底质亲贝蓄养比较试验、不同底质附着基采苗方法试验以及稚贝无底质上升流培育和不同盐度培育试验。研究表明,采用铺细沙加冰的运输方法亲贝成活率最高,干露9h成活率可达90%;以纯海泥底质蓄养的亲贝肥满度和成活率最高;无底质采苗和铺泥采苗对幼虫变态率的影响没有差异;无底质采苗的稚贝,其生长速度明显慢于铺泥采苗;小刀蛏稚贝不宜用上升流进行培育,宜采用铺泥培育的方法;盐度为15时,稚贝培养效果最好,生长速度快、成活率高,盐度为35时培养效果最差。采用上述技术,成功培育出3mm以上的商品苗2000万粒,育苗效果显著。     

Impact assessment of modified clay on embryo-larval stages of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L.

Using modified clay is one of the most promising methods for the mitigation of harmful algal blooms(HABs).However,the environmental impact of modified clay has become a subject of global concern.In this study,turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.)embryos were used as a model to assess the effect of modified clay on this sensitive stage of fish development.Results show that the 24 and 48h LC 50(median lethal concentrations)of the modified clay were 1.70 and 1.65 g/L,and the safe concentration was 0.47 g/L,which is much higher than the concentration used to treat HAB.The modified clay did not affect significantly the hatchability of turbot embryos but when the concentration exceeded 0.50 g/L,the deformity rate of newly hatched larvae increased significantly.The total length,specific growth rate(SGR)and yolk sac absorption rate of larvae reached their peaks at 0.50 g/L and then gradually decreased as the concentration of modified clay increased.Therefore,a moderate amount of modified clay does not harm the survival and hatching of turbot embryos,or the growth and development of newly hatched larvae.     

鮸状黄姑鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育的实验生态

本实验研究了温度、盐度、 ｐＨ对鮸状黄姑鱼胚胎发育和前期仔鱼存活的影响。结果表明,鮸状黄姑鱼受精卵孵化的温度范围为１５～３０℃,最适孵化温度为２５～３０℃;孵化盐度范围为１５～４５,最适孵化公度范围为１５～２５;ｐＨ值在５．００～８．９９范围内,受精卵孵化率没有显著的差异。鮸状黄姑鱼前期仔鱼存活的适合温度为１５～３０℃,最适温度为２５℃;适合盐度为１５～３５;适合ｐＨ值为５．９９～１０．０１。     

红河(元江)流域的典型鱼类游泳能力探究及在过鱼设施流速设计中的应用

为探讨红河（元江）流域的典型洄游鱼类游泳能力,给过鱼设施修建设计和鱼类行为学研究提供基础参数,本研究以该流域的野生暗色唇鲮（Semilabeo obscurus）、华南鲤（Cyprinus carpio rubrofuscus）和红魾（Bagarius rutilus）3种鱼类（体长范围0.05~0.45 m）为研究对象,在野外现场布置游泳能力测试水槽分别测试了感应流速、临界游泳速度和突进游泳速度.研究结果表明：（1）对比绝对游泳能力与体长相关性,3种鱼的相对游泳能力与体长的相关性更高,均呈显著负相关;（2）3种鱼之间的游泳能力存在差异,红魾的感应流速最大,为（0.10±0.01）m/s,华南鲤的临界游泳速度最大,为（0.66±0.01）m/s,华南鲤的突进游泳速度最大,为（1.48±0.18）m/s;（3）拟合趋流率与水流速度的相关曲线,所有测试鱼的趋流率与流速的函数关系为Pre=19.80V-1.13（R²=0.96,P<0.05）,得出95%目标鱼的趋流速度为0.11 m/s;利用生存分析方法,得出95%目标鱼累积疲劳的临界和突进游泳速度分别为0.58、1.01 m/s.（4）当以暗色唇鲮、华南鲤和红魾为主要过鱼对象时,建议过鱼设施的内部流速不应小于0.1 m/s,入口的设计流速范围为0.6~1.0 m/s,休息区域的流速范围为0.1~0.6 m/s,孔口或竖缝等高流速区的设计流速不宜超过0.8 m/s,若过鱼设施孔口边壁或底部加糙,可适当增至0.8~1.0 m/s.本研究中红河（元江）流域鱼类游泳能力等资料为过鱼设施修建及珍稀鱼类保护提供了数据支撑.     

钢筋混凝土框架结构震后可存活概率预测方法研究

针对当前钢筋混凝土震后存活预测相关方法存在预测值与实际值拟合度低的问题,提出基于有限元的钢筋混凝土框架结构震后可存活概率预测方法。利用混凝土本构模型关联数值和钢筋本构模型数值计算,实现钢筋混凝土框架材料本构模型关联数值分析。结合建筑和结构施工图实现钢筋混凝土有限元模拟,将钢筋混凝土框架有限元模型的最大竖向荷载作为结构整体构造竖向极限承载力,并引入随机Pushdown方法及随机竖向IDA法得到钢筋混凝土框架震后可存活概率。经实验证明,将有限元应用至钢筋混凝土框架结构震后可存活概率预测中切实可行;预测值与实际值拟合度高于目前常用方法。所提方法的性能完善,可为该领域发展提供可借鉴的信息。     

海洋酸化、暖化对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫附着及幼体存活的影响

大气CO₂浓度持续升高导致海洋酸化和暖化影响着造礁石珊瑚和珊瑚礁生态系统。为探明造礁石珊瑚早期生活史对海洋酸化和暖化的生理学响应,本文研究了温度（约28°C, 约30°C）和pCO₂（约570 μatm, 约1 300 μatm）以及两者协同作用对简单鹿角珊瑚（Acropora austera）和中间鹿角珊瑚（A. intermedia）早期生活史的影响。实验结果表明,升温（+约2.5°C）和酸化（约1 300 μatm）对两种鹿角珊瑚幼虫的附着率和死亡率均无显著影响。酸化显著降低了简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率（25.87%）,但并不显著影响中间鹿角珊瑚幼体的存活率;升温对两种鹿角珊瑚幼体存活率无显著影响。升温（+约2.5°C）、酸化（约1 300 μatm）对简单、中间鹿角珊瑚幼虫的存活和附着过程的影响较小,但是酸化对简单鹿角珊瑚幼体存活的影响高于暖化。本文结果表明,珊瑚补充过程对海洋酸化和暖化的响应可能具有种类特异性,气候变化将逐渐改变造礁石珊瑚的群落结构。