蛤仔回交家系建立及早期生长发育比较

2009年9月,作者以蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)杂交家系 HD(♀H×♂D)及其亲本家系 H、D 为材料,采取单对交配策略建立了 B1F1(♀HD×♂H)、B2F1(♀D×♂HD)、B3F1(♀HD×♂D)和 B4F1(♀H×♂HD)4个回交家系,并对各家系蛤仔早期生长发育进行比较.结果表明:家系间蛤仔的卵径、受精率、孵化率和初孵 D 形幼虫壳长差异不显著(P>0.05);浮游幼虫期, B1F1和 B3F1家系幼虫生长速度显著快于B2F1和 B4F1(P<0.05),9日龄时 B2F1和 B4F1幼虫存活率显著低于 B1F1和 B3F1(P<0.05);变态期, B2F1和B4F1家系幼虫表现出明显的变态时间延长、变态规格小型化和变态率低等近交衰退现象;稚贝期, B1F1和 B3F1家系稚贝生长优势开始显现,而 B2F1和 B4F1家系稚贝生长和存活劣势依旧明显.综上可见以杂交 F1(♀)为母本的 B1F1和 B3F1家系早期生长和存活性状显著优于以杂交 F1(♂)为父本的 B2F1和 B4F1家系,因此在蛤仔回交育种中以杂交 F1(♀)为母本更有利于选择.     

杉木人工林细根寿命研究

林木细根（≤2mm）是树木水分和养分吸收的主要器官,是陆地生态系统净生产力的重要组成部分,深入理解细根生长过程及其寿命是建立全球碳及养分循环模型的关键．本试验采用微根管技术对11年生杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林细根生长、衰老、死亡的动态过程进行了为期1年半的监测,运用Kaplan—Meier方法估计细根存活率及中值寿命（Median root longevity,MRL）,生成存活曲线（Survival curve）．用对数秩检验（Log—rank test）比较不同直径、不同土层、不同季节出生的细根寿命差异程度．结果表明,细根主要出．现在雨季（3q月）,以直径0～1mm的细根为主,并随观测期的延长,细根存活率下降,中值寿命为236d．直径0～1mm的细根累积存活率小于1～2mm的细根．土壤下层（20～40cm）的生存曲线在细根累积存活率达到50％以后始终高于上层（0～20cm）,上下层中值寿命分别为236d和243d,这可能与土壤环境因素的垂直分布相关,下层土壤有利于延长细根寿命．不同出生时间的细根寿命不同,雨季与干季出生的细根中值寿命分别为86d和270d．     

3种对虾精子超低温冷冻保存技术研究

作者以日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)、中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)和南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)作为实验材料,研究3种稀释液(天然海水,人工无钙海水,Hank’s平衡盐溶液)、3种抗冻剂(二甲基亚砜、丙二醇和丙三醇)、3种稀释比例(5%、10%和15%)、3种不同的降温程序对3种对虾精子超低温冷冻保存效果的影响。冻精解冻后通过台盼蓝染色的方法计算其存活率。结果显示,对于3种对虾,以天然海水作为稀释液,10%PG作为抗冻剂,4℃平衡20 min,以–2℃/min降温至–40℃,–40℃平衡10℃,以–15℃/min降温至–150℃,然后投入液氮作为降温程序进行超低温冷冻保存效果最好,冻精解冻后存活率分别为75.33%±2.56%、69.00%±3.00%和23.33%±8.55%。     

Effects of waterlogging,salinity and light on the productivity of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Heritiera littoralis seedlings

This study aimed to establish the effects of waterlogging, salinity and light on the early development of mangroves. Seedlings of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk. and Heritiera littoralis Dryand were exposed to 12 weeks of waterlogging, during which time growth and photosynthesis were measured every two weeks. The salinity of the water inundation ranged from fresh water to full-strength sea water (salinity 35). Seedlings were exposed to either full sunlight of 1 500 µmol photon m^–2 s^–1 (SD 397) at midday or shade conditions of 325 µmol photon m^–2 s^–1 (SD 40) of light at midday, to explore whether the plants would be differently affected by prolonged waterlogging in increased salinities and under different light conditions. Heritiera littoralis was more sensitive to waterlogging, salinity and light, displaying a least relative growth rate of 0.127 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.032) under shade, and 0.025 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.021) in full light; while under shade, photosynthesis continued only in fresh water, but photosynthetic yield decreased from 0.7 to 0.4 with increasing duration of waterlogging. By 12 weeks, all H. littoralis seedlings treated with any saltwater mixture had died. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings maintained a moderate rate of photosynthesis throughout inundation in both shade and full light, with yields of 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. Furthermore, B. gymnorrhiza survived waterlogging in up to 66% seawater, and maintained comparable relative growth rates of 0.164 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.066) with 0.083 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.065) and 0.074 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.036) with 0.052 g g^–1 week^–1 (SE 0.037) under shade and in full light between fresh water and the highest salinity conditions, respectively. These results suggest that B. gymnorrhiza is broadly tolerant, making it a potential candidate species for restoring vulnerable mangrove forests.     

罗氏沼虾仔虾及蚤状Ⅺ期幼体对盐度突变的适应试验

本文试验了罗氏沼虾仔虾及Z11期幼体对盐度突变的适应能力。试验结果表明,0．82cm的仔虾由盐度10．8‰放入淡水中及0．98cm的仔虾由淡水直接放放20‰以下盐度水中培育,对虾仔的成活影响不明显;Z11期幼体由盈度17‰直接放入7—17‰盐度水中和由盐度10．8‰放入4—10．8％盐度水中以及淡化后第二天由淡水直接放入17‰盐度水中培育,对幼体的成活率无明显影响,幼体能正常蜕皮变态。     

Reduced survivorship of Himasthla (Trematoda, Digenea)-infected cockles (Cerastoderma edule) exposed to oxygen depletion

Bivalve populations from inshore waters often accommodate a diverse trematode fauna that may have a variety of effects on host specimens. In particular, larval trematodes that grow or reproduce within their host are known to be severe pathogens, whereas trematodes utilising bivalves only for encystment are thought to be relatively benign. Yet this may depend on the environmental conditions, and it can be expected that such trematodes in concert with other stress agents can be detrimental to host organisms. To examine the impact of such larval trematodes on hosts subjected to stress, we studied the digenetic trematode Himasthla elongata and one of its second intermediate hosts, the bivalve Cerastoderma edule. Experimentally infected cockles and non-infected cockles were exposed to oxygen depletion, whereupon we measured their burrowing ability and survivorship. After 30 h of hypoxia, the survival of infected cockles was significantly reduced compared to non-infected cockles, whereas no effect of parasites on cockles under normoxic conditions was found. In addition, parasites tended to reduce the burrowing ability of cockles exposed to hypoxia but the effect was not clear. The effect of parasites and possible ecological consequences are discussed and it is suggested that the combined effects of parasites and oxygen deficiency may explain some hitherto unexplained cases of mass mortalities in bivalve populations.     

The Uncertainty in the True End Point of a Fossil's Stratigraphic Range When Stratigraphic Sections Are Sampled Discretely

Stratigraphic sections are often sampled at well-defined discrete points. Because of the incompleteness of the fossil record, a particular species may not be observed even when it is extant at a sampling point. We introduce a model and Bayesian analysis for estimating the true time of disappearance of a lineage from a section in the face of the possibility that failure to find the species beyond its observed stratigraphic range may represent false negatives. We incorporate proper prior information, including an estimated longevity of the species and the probability that it will be observed if extant. Our analysis produces a posterior density for the true extinction time of the species. Summaries of this probability distribution provide a point estimate of the extinction time, a standard deviation for the uncertainty in the estimate, and confidence intervals for the time of extinction. We apply our model to stratigraphic ranges of benthic foraminifera collected from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian and Turonian) from Eastbourne, England.     

皱纹盘鲍苗车间越冬技术的研究

皱纹盘鲍( Haliotis discus hannai)鲍苗车间越冬育成,水温保持在 14 ℃± 0.5 ℃ ,饵料采用鲜嫩海带,密度 1 000头 /m2(壳高 19.0 mm),采用"陆地工厂化养殖海水净化与高效循环利用技术",日水交换量 10个量程以上,越冬育成 4个月,鲍苗平均成活率 99.0%,平均壳高 31.2 mm.     

盐度对斜带髭鲷仔鱼活力及摄食率的影响

采用不同盐度梯度海水对斜带髭鲷(HapalogenysnitensRichardson)仔鱼进行饲育实验。结果表明,盐度对斜带髭鲷仔鱼的活力、摄食及存活率有明显影响。盐度为24,29,34的3个实验组仔鱼不投饵存活系数分别为9.77,　9.83和8.62,而盐度为14,39,44的3个实验组仔鱼的存活系数则分别为4.19,　3.50和1.65,方差分析显示,前3个实验组与后3个实验组的组间存在显著差异(P<0.05) 3个实验组的摄食率明显高于后3个实验组;仔鱼孵出后至第8 ;前天,前 3个实验组的成活率为65%￣85%,高于后 3个实验组的0￣20%。     

花尾胡椒鲷室内与室外人工育苗的比较研究

将花尾胡椒鲷(Plectorbinchus cinctus)的受精卵在室内育苗池和室外大池不同环境下进行人工育苗比较试验,在26℃～28．8℃的水温条件下,室内培育盐度保持26左右,室外大池的盐度变动范围为26．2～22．9,经过36d的培育,结果显示：①在室内育苗池培育的鱼苗成活率最高为13．9％,最低为6．4％,平均为11．0％;室外培育的成活率仅为6％,室内培育相对室外培育的成活率增加45．5％。②室内培育的鱼苗平均体长为34．5mm,室外培育为52．1mm,室外培育相对室内培育鱼苗体长增加33．6％。③活力试验。室内培育的鱼苗成活率最高为94．8％,最低82．4％,平均为90．9％,而室外培育的鱼苗成活率则达到99．6％,室外培育相对室内培育鱼苗活力试验的成活率增加8．0％。因此,室内培育鱼苗的成活率相对较高,但生长缓慢,活力较差;室外培育鱼苗成活率相对较低,但生长快,活力强。