三维脆性破裂的拉应力判据

用线弹性断裂力学对连续介质中三维裂纹(KⅢ≠0)破裂的拉应力断裂准则提出了补充性假说和相应的计算方法（第一主微分面定点法）。对于给定应力强度因子Ki（i=Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ）的裂纹问题,从理论上给出了初始破裂面完整形式的解析表示或数值计算结果。推导结果是,三维拉张破裂的初始破裂面是以破裂点为顶点的广角锥面,跨在原始裂纹面的前缘,它的外缘为螺旋线,锥面的每一条母线都与过该线的第一主微分面重合。大量的这样的初始破裂面叠错密接,互不相交。推算的结果与已有的三锥破裂实验结果基本符合。把补充后的拉应力判据和最大拉应力理论相比较,发现在应力分量只保留奇异项的情况下,这两种判据是等价的;但如果对应力分量作零阶项修正,则两种判据只在三维(KⅢ≠0)问题中等价,在二维(KⅢ=0)问题中不完全等价。     

Hydrocarbon lakes on Titan

The Huygens Probe detected dendritic drainage-like features, methane clouds and a high surface relative humidity (∼50%) on Titan in the vicinity of its landing site [Tomasko, M.G., and 39 colleagues, 2005. Nature 438, 765-778; Niemann, H.B., and 17 colleagues, 2005. Nature 438, 779-784], suggesting sources of methane that replenish this gas against photo- and charged-particle chemical loss on short (10-100) million year timescales [Atreya, S.K., Adams, E.Y., Niemann, H.B., Demick-Montelara, J.E., Owen, T.C., Fulchignoni, M., Ferri, F., Wilson, E.H., 2006. Planet. Space Sci. In press]. On the other hand, Cassini Orbiter remote sensing shows dry and even desert-like landscapes with dunes [Lorenz, R.D., and 39 colleagues, 2006a. Science 312, 724-727], some areas worked by fluvial erosion, but no large-scale bodies of liquid [Elachi, C., and 34 colleagues, 2005. Science 308, 970-974]. Either the atmospheric methane relative humidity is declining in a steady fashion over time, or the sources that maintain the relative humidity are geographically restricted, small, or hidden within the crust itself. In this paper we explore the hypothesis that the present-day methane relative humidity is maintained entirely by lakes that cover a small part of the surface area of Titan. We calculate the required minimum surface area coverage of such lakes, assess the stabilizing influence of ethane, and the implications for moist convection in the atmosphere. We show that, under Titan's surface conditions, methane evaporates rapidly enough that shorelines of any existing lakes could potentially migrate by several hundred m to tens of km per year, rates that could be detected by the Cassini orbiter. We furthermore show that the high relative humidity of methane in Titan's lower atmosphere could be maintained by evaporation from lakes covering only 0.002-0.02 of the whole surface.     

土工格栅加筋膨胀土渠坡数值模拟研究

对土工格栅加筋膨胀土渠坡这种较新的膨胀土处理措施进行研究,在考虑土工格栅与填土之间的相互作用、膨胀土吸水膨胀、软化特性等膨胀土渠坡关键影响因素的基础上,提出了土工格栅加筋膨胀土渠坡数值计算的新思路,并采用有限差分软件Flac3D进行了验证。数值算例结果表明,土工格栅对膨胀土渠坡有明显的水平位移约束作用,是有效的处理措施,可以在实际工程中采用。     

Characterizing hydrological processes within kettle holes using stable water isotopes in the Uckermark of northern Brandenburg,Germany

Understanding the hydrologic connectivity between kettle holes and shallow groundwater, particularly in reaction to the highly variable local meteorological conditions, is of paramount importance for tracing water in a hydro(geo)logically complex landscape and thus for integrated water resource management. This article is aimed at identifying the dominant hydrological processes affecting the kettle holes' water balance and their interactions with the shallow groundwater domain in the Uckermark region, located in the north-east of Germany. For this reason, based on the stable isotopes of oxygen (δ¹⁸O ) and hydrogen (δ²H ), an isotopic mass balance model was employed to compute the evaporative loss of water from the kettle holes from February to August 2017. Results demonstrated that shallow groundwater inflow may play the pivotal role in the processes taking part in the hydrology of the kettle holes in the Uckermark region. Based on the calculated evaporation/inflow (E/I) ratios, most of the kettle holes (86.7%) were ascertained to have a partially open, flow-through-dominated system. Moreover, we identified an inverse correlation between E/I ratios and the altitudes of the kettle holes. The same holds for electrical conductivity (EC) and the altitudes of the kettle holes. In accordance with the findings obtained from this study, a conceptual model explaining the interaction between the shallow groundwater and the kettle holes of Uckermark was developed. The model exhibited that across the highest altitudes, the recharge kettle holes are dominant, where a lower ratio of E/I and a lower EC was detected. By contrast, the lowest topographical depressions represent the discharge kettle holes, where a higher ratio of E/I and EC could be identified. The kettle holes existing in between were categorized as flow-through kettle holes through which the recharge takes place from one side and discharge from the other side.     

用NCEP／NCAR再分析辐射资料估算月平均地表反照率

本文利用１９７９年￣１９９５年１７年平均的ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ（Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ ｆｏｒ Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎ－ｔａｌ Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ／Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ ｆｏｒ Ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃ Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ,美国国家环境预报中心／美国国家大气研究中心）再分析辐射资料估算了全球月平均地表反照率．从所得结果的时空分布来看,用ＮＣＥＰ／ＮＣＡＲ辐射资料得到的全球地表反照率基本     

塔里木河下游漫溢区土壤种子库及幼苗库特征

结合土壤种子库萌发实验和幼苗库野外调查,研究塔里木河下游漫溢区土壤种子库和幼苗库特征及两者之间的差异,同时对不同微地形条件下两者多个生态指标进行分析比较。结果显示:（1）土壤种子库和幼苗库共发现有11科21属22种植物。土壤种子库有效种子密度为681±166个\5m-2,而幼苗库的密度为74±30株·m-2。土壤种子库和幼苗库均以多年生草本植物为主。（2）土壤种子库的Margalef指数值显著大于幼苗库,Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数的值则略大于幼苗库。土壤种子库和幼苗库之间的物种相似度为0.553。（3）在不同微地形条件下,土壤种子库和幼苗库的密度和多样性指数变化趋势有所不同,但总体上均表现为土壤种子库大于幼苗库。     

塔里木河流域绿洲边缘土壤蒸发与积盐的初步分析

本文通过对塔里木河流域土壤分的分析测定,视频研究了盐分积累的特点及其与蒸发的关系;盐分含量高,累积速度快、表聚性强。     

Acacia salicina, Pinus halepensis and Eucalyptus occidentalis improve soil surface conditions in arid southern Tunisia

Despite low growth rates, plants in arid areas have a strong ability to modify soil surface properties affecting ecosystem processes and community dynamics. But our knowledge on species effects on soil properties in these areas comes largely from observational studies, increasing the risk of confounding factors and precluding estimations of rates of change. We evaluated changes in soil surface properties underneath Acacia salicina, Pinus halepensis and Eucalyptus occidentalis in a 10-year-old common garden experiment established on a degraded Stipa tenacissima steppe in southern Tunisia. The three species tested improved soil properties compared to those of open areas. Acacia salicina ranked first as soil modifier as the soil underneath this species showed higher total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil CO₂ efflux and infiltration rate, and lower soil hydrophobicity than soil in open areas. The richness of vascular plants was higher under A. salicina than under the other types of cover. This species showed higher ability to improve microsite conditions and foster succession. Short rotations of A. salicina could thus be employed for the restoration of degraded S. tenacissima steppes provided that other aspects of its ecology are controlled. Pinus halepensis represents a good alternative when native species are a priority, albeit facilitative ability is lower.     

西南喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤有机质组分及其影响因素

通过采集我国西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段典型土壤样品,研究了土壤有机质组分及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)喀斯特地区土壤有机质各组分含量中胡敏素>富里酸>胡敏酸,HA/FA一般<0.4,为富里酸土壤,与同水平地带土壤一致.(2)石漠化过程对喀斯特地区土壤中有机质组成有明显的影响,土壤中胡敏素、富里酸与胡敏酸表现出未石漠化＞潜在石漠化＞轻度石漠化＞中度石漠化的趋势.(3)喀斯特地区土壤有机质组分空间分布有较大差异,剖面层次上各有机质组分胡敏素、富里酸与胡敏酸均表现出表土层>底土层,山区不同部位上表现以山坡中下部有机质含量最高,而以山顶最低,且FA/HA表现出从山顶到山脚有明显增加的趋势.(4)喀斯特地区土壤土壤有机碳、酸碱度、碳酸钙、容重、非晶形氧化铝、颗粒组成、有效磷与土壤有机碳组分间表现出显著或极显著的相关性,土壤有机碳和质地是影响土壤有机碳组分含量的主要因素.