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31.
Pulsatory characteristics of wind velocity in sand flow over typical underlying surfaces 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ZHANG KeCun QU JianJun ZU RuiPing & FANG HaiYan Key Laboratory of Desert Desertification Cold Arid Regions Environmental Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(2):247-253
Pulsatory characteristics of wind velocity in sand flow over Gobi and mobile sand surface have been investigated experimentally in the wind tunnel. The primary goal of this paper is to reveal the relation- ship between pulsatory characteristics of instantaneous wind speed in sand flow and the motion state of sand grains. For a given underlying surface, pulsation of wind velocities in sand flow on different heights has a good correlation. As the space distance among different heights increases, fluctuation of instantaneous wind speed presents a decreasing trend and its amplitude is closely related to the mo- tion state of sand grains and their transport. Pulsatory intensity increases with the indicated wind speed, but its relative value does not depend on it, only agrees with height. 相似文献
32.
军事地理学的“三原素”基础与“军一地”关系理论 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文提出军事地理学的“三原素”基础和“军—地”关系理论。前者论述军事地理学的全部内容均源于环境(地理)、战争(军事)、人(成员、活动)三个基本因素的存在和作用;后者论述由主导性原则、依赖性原理、制约性原理、综合效应原则和间接军力原理等组成的“军—地”关系理论。 相似文献
33.
This study maps the geographic extent of intermittent and seasonal snow cover in the western United States using thresholds of 2000–2010 average snow persistence derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer snow cover area data from 1 January to 3 July. Results show seasonal snow covers 13% of the region, and intermittent snow covers 25%. The lower elevation boundaries of intermittent and seasonal snow zones increase from north-west to south-east. Intermittent snow is primarily found where average winter land surface temperatures are above freezing, whereas seasonal snow is primarily where winter temperatures are below freezing. However, temperatures at the boundary between intermittent and seasonal snow exhibit high regional variability, with average winter seasonal snow zone temperatures above freezing in west coast mountain ranges. Snow cover extent at peak accumulation is most variable at the upper elevations of the intermittent snow zone, highlighting the sensitivity of this snow zone boundary to climate conditions. 相似文献
34.
Jens Bange Thomas Spieß Marcus Herold Frank Beyrich Barbara Hennemuth 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,121(1):127-151
Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat were measured with the helicopter-borne turbulence probe Helipod over a heterogeneous landscape around the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg during the STINHO-2 and LITFASS-2003 field experiments. Besides the determination of area-averaged heat fluxes, the analysis focused on different aspects of the response of the turbulent structure of the convective boundary layer (CBL) on the surface heterogeneity. A special flight pattern was designed to study flux profiles both over quasi-homogeneous sub-areas of the study region (representing the major land use types—forest, farmland, water) and over a typical mixture of the different surfaces. Significant differences were found between the heat fluxes over the individual surfaces along flight legs at about 80 m above ground level, in agreement with large-aperture scintillometer measurements. This flux separation was still present during some flights at levels near the middle of the CBL. Different scales for the blending height and horizontal heterogeneity were calculated, but none of them could be identified as a reliable indicator of the mixing state of the lower CBL. With the exception of the flights over water, the latent heat flux measurements generally showed a larger statistical error when compared with the sensible heat flux. Correlation coefficients a nd integral length scales were used to characterise the interplay between the vertical transport of sensible and latent heat, which was found to vary between ‘fairly correlated’ and ‘decoupled’, also depending on the soil moisture conditions. 相似文献
35.
Distance,time and scale in soil erosion processes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. J. Kirkby 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(13):1621-1623
This commentary brings together, as a virtual Special Issue, a number of recent papers in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms that are all related to issues of scale in soil erosion. Empirical concepts that were developed in the 1940s are now in need of re‐thinking, and papers are increasingly exploring, through modelling and measurement, appropriate ways to recognize the mechanisms that connect processes across time and space scales. Issues include a more nuanced approach to selective transportation, responses to variability in surface and sub‐surface conditions and the need to analyse measurements in ways that can be transferred between sites and storms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
36.
Fred C. Bosveld A.A. M. Holtslag B.J. J.M. Van Den Hurk 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,93(2):171-195
Infrared radiative surface temperatures as observed over a dense Douglas fir forest during stable atmospheric conditions are analyzed. It is shown that the concept of a single surface temperature to describe both the thermal coupling and the radiative coupling between atmosphere and forest fails when longwave cooling is large and wind speeds are low. In such cases a decoupling of the radiative surface temperature from the air temperature aloft is observed. Conditions for decoupling are formulated in terms of an appropriate Richardson number. It is shown that a convective surface temperature comes into play that is coupled to the forest interior air temperature. Observed radiative surface temperature is then composed of this convective surface temperature and the aerodynamic surface temperature. Forest interior air temperature during nighttime is, in general, lower than air temperature above the canopy. A simple two-layer canopy model is used to explain this phenomenon in terms of the distribution of atmospheric sensible heat flux and storage heat flux over the two canopy layers. 相似文献
37.
Interannual and Decadal Variations of Surface Solar Radiation over East China in the First Half of the 20th Century
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Variability and long-term trends of sunshine duration(SSD) and total cloud cover(TCC) were studied based on surface observations from 10 meteorological stations over East China in the first half of the 20 th century. The correlation coefficients between SSD and diurnal temperature range(DTR), as well as TCC, were analyzed. SSD experienced a significant increasing trend(0.16 h d-1 per decade) from 1908 to 1936, and the maximum brightening was in autumn(0.33 h d-1 per decade). The good agreement between the variability of SSD and DTR, supported by the correlation coefficient between them of 0.72, implies that the SSD measurements were reliable. TCC showed a decreasing trend(-0.93% per decade) and was significantly inversely related to SSD(-0.74), indicating the variation of SSD was attributable to changes in cloud cover. The result was obviously different to that since the 1960 s, when clouds could not account for the decadal trend of surface solar radiation in China. 相似文献
38.
39.
江苏溧阳天目湖地区地貌单元的划分可以提升分区、分类型、分层次的地表基质调查效率。基于天目湖地区5 m分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM),应用GIS软件提取高程、坡度、地形起伏度信息;在提取地形起伏度的过程中运用邻域分析法与均值变点法,确定提取地形起伏度的最佳分析窗口大小为37×37像元。将地形起伏度、海拔高程及坡度3种地形要素进行空间叠加分析,并对地貌分布格局与差异变化进行初步探讨,提出将天目湖地区地貌指标划分为平原、河流阶地、山间谷地、台地、丘陵5种类型,其中以山间谷地与台地地貌为主,二者分别占32.97%、21.96%。划分结果符合天目湖地区地貌格局差异及空间分布,有效体现出天目湖地区平原向丘陵过渡的地貌特征,为后续开展地表基质的调查工作提供较为可靠的地理依据,对探究地貌分布格局与地表基质属性差异具有一定的意义。 相似文献
40.
选取深圳长岭陂水库土石坝为研究对象,收集了该区域22景升轨TerraSAR-X和28景降轨COSMO-SkyMed雷达影像,采用融合永久散射体和同分布散射体的多时相InSAR(Multi-temporalInSAR,MT-InSAR)技术,获取了坝体加高后由于自重和内部填土材料的固结效应产生的变形场。对比分析了两种SAR卫星数据源在不同升降轨条件下的雷达视线方向变形监测结果,两种结果存在差异的原因主要来源于雷达卫星视角的变化和透视收缩。分析了升降轨InSAR监测结果与同期水准测量结果,显示两者具有较高的一致性,也表明本文提出的融合计算方法有较好的适用性。 相似文献