Propagation of a subglacial flood wave during the initiation of a jökulhlaup

Abstract

Observations from the jökulhlaup from Grímsvötn in Vatnajökull, south-eastern Iceland, in 1996 indicate that the jökulhlaup was initiated by the movement of a localised pressure wave that travelled 50 km in 10 h from Grimsvötn to the terminus, forming a subglacial pathway along the glacier bed. Shortly after this wave reached the terminus, the jökulhlaup was flowing at a high discharge through a tunnel that would have needed much longer time to form by ice melting as assumed in existing theories of jökulhlaups. Frozen sediments formed in crevasses and frazil ice on the surface of the flood waters indicate the flow of supercooled water in the terminus region, demonstrating that the rate of heat transfer from subglacial flood water to the overlying ice is greatly underestimated in current theories.     

试论熔结凝灰岩中塑性碎屑内晶质结构的成因

本文在岩相学研究的基础上,将熔结凝灰岩中的各种晶质结构分成两类,即浆屑和塑变玻屑等塑性碎屑中的晶质结构及刚性玻屑和火山微尘中的晶质结构。依据过冷结晶理论,结晶实验成果,本文重点讨论了浆屑和塑变玻屑等塑性碎屑中晶质结构的成因,指出它们不是由脱玻化形成的,而是由过冷结晶形成的。     

盐渍土与盐溶液冻结温度关系的试验研究

通过不同降温方式的冻结温度试验,明确了降温速率对土体冻结温度的影响,并采用快速降温方法,测定了不同含水率的三种天然氯（亚）盐渍土和黄土的冻结温度,以及不同浓度Na₂SO₄、NaCl溶液和由溶液配制的黄土的过冷温度和冻结温度,分析了降温速率、含水率、含盐量、盐类对土和溶液相变过程的影响。结果表明,快速降温得到的冻结温度值比缓慢降温得到的值偏低。当含水率低于盐渍土的塑限含水率时,水分是冻结温度的主要制约因素;当含水率大于土的塑限含水率时,天然盐渍土的含盐量对土的冻结温度起控制作用,Na₂SO₄含量控制含盐土的第一次相变,NaCl含量控制含盐土在低温下的第二次相变;低含盐量黄土含水率低于塑限含水率时,冻结温度随含水率增大而增大,但当含水率高于饱和含水率时,冻结温度随含水率变化不大。含Na₂SO₄的土和溶液的过冷温度变化规律与冻结温度变化规律类似,且其温度差值较小,通过Na₂SO₄溶液的冻结温度试验,可近似得到同浓度下含水率为16%只含Na₂SO₄黄土的冻结温度。