山东半岛东南部典型砂质岸滩季节性演化及控制因素探讨——以海阳万米海滩为例

根据2018年秋季至2019年夏季4个季节的海滩剖面形态测量和表层沉积物粒度分析结果,研究了海阳万米海滩地形和表层沉积物粒度季节变化特征,探讨了控制研究区砂质岸滩季节性演化的因素.结果表明:连理岛-东村河口以西海滩剖面形态在强动力和弱动力条件下分别呈"上蚀下淤"和"下冲上塑"特征,夏季台风造成的滩肩侵蚀量大于冬季风,在...     

Temporal relationship between Holocene human occupation and vegetation change along the northwestern margin of the Central African rainforest

This paper discusses the relationship between patterns of human settlements and environmental change during the Holocene along the northwestern margins of the equatorial rain forest of central Africa. Palaeoenvironmental data from high-resolution sediment cores from lacustrine deposits, plant macro-remains from forest soils, and archaeological data are harnessed to discuss the differential impact of climate and/or humans on the central African rain forest. It is shown that climate change impacted the rain forest well before the widespread expansion of human settlements all over the study area.     

Comparative phylogeography of African rain forest trees: A review of genetic signatures of vegetation history in the Guineo-Congolian region

The biogeographic history of the African rain forests has been contentious. Phylogeography, the study of the geographic distribution of genetic lineages within species, can highlight the signatures of historical events affecting the demography and distribution of species (i.e. population fragmentation or size changes, range expansion/contraction) and, thereby, the ecosystems they belong to. The accumulation of recent data for African rain forests now enables a first biogeographic synthesis for the region. In this review, we explain which phylogeographic patterns are expected under different scenarios of past demographic change, and we give an overview of the patterns detected in African rain forest trees to discuss whether they support alternative hypotheses regarding the history of the African rain forest cover. The major genetic discontinuities in the region support the role of refugia during climatic oscillations, though not necessarily following the classically proposed scenarios. We identify in particular a genetic split between the North and the South of the Lower Guinean region. Finally we provide some perspectives for future study.     

Detecting recent changes in the demographic parameters of drosophilid populations from western and central Africa

Previous genetic studies showing evidence of past demographic changes in African drosophilids suggested that these populations had strongly responded to Quaternary climate changes. We surveyed nine species of Zaprionus, a drosophilid genus mostly present in Africa, in forests located between southern Senegal and Gabon. The mitochondrial COI gene showed contrasted levels of sequence variation across species. Populations of the only cosmopolitan species of the genus, Z. indianus, and of its closely related sibling species, Z. africanus, are highly polymorphic and appear to have undergone a continuous population expansion beginning about 130,000 years ago. Five less variable species probably underwent a population expansion beginning only about 20,000–30,000 years ago. One of them, Z. taronus, was significantly structured between forest blocks. The last two species were nearly monomorphic, probably due to infection by Wolbachia. These results are similar to those obtained in three species from the melanogaster subgroup, and may be typical of the responses of African drosophilid populations to glacial cycles.     

“碧利斯”(0604)暴雨过程不同类型降水云微物理特征分析

本文利用"碧利斯"(0604)暴雨增幅过程高分辨率的数值模拟资料, 将降水分成对流降水和层云降水, 对比分析了不同类型降水云微物理特征和过程的差异, 探讨了不同类型降水对暴雨增幅的贡献, 结果指出:(1)暴雨增幅前, 降水基本为层云降水, 对流降水只存在于零星的几个小区域, 暴雨增幅发生时段, 对流降水所占比例较暴雨增幅前有显著增加, 平均降水强度达层云降水强度的3倍多。(2)暴雨增幅时段, 云系发展更加旺盛, 云中各种水凝物含量较增幅前明显增加, 其中, 对流和层云降水区云中水凝物含量均有一定程度增长, 但对流降水区增加更显著;而无论增幅前还是增幅时段, 对流降水区云中水凝物含量均要明显大于层云降水区, 并且两者的这种差异随着地面降水强度的增强而增大。(3)暴雨增幅前后, 对流降水区雨滴的两个主要来源最终均可以追踪到云水, 通过云水与大的液相粒子(雨滴)和大的固相粒子(雪)之间、以及大的固相粒子(雪和霰)之间的相互作用和转化, 造成雨滴增长, 并最终形成地面降水, 而层云降水区中与雨滴形成相关的上述主要云微物理过程明显变弱, 但层云降水区中暴雨增幅时段的上述过程又要强于增幅前, 说明层云降水对暴雨增幅也有一定贡献。     

华南沿海2011年7月15—18日持续暴雨过程中的季风槽与中尺度对流系统相互作用

应用NCEP FNL再分析资料及位涡分离反演等方法,对华南沿海2011年7月15—18日持续暴雨过程中季风槽与中尺度对流系统的相互作用进行了研究,主要针对暴雨发生期间季风槽气旋性涡度向上发展的机理及其对季风槽维持发展和中尺度对流系统活动的影响进行分析。结果发现,季风槽的中尺度对流系统发展于弱斜压性环境中,大多在槽东西两端涡度中心区发展最强。南侧盛行的西南低空急流为对流反复发生提供了对流发展的“可维持性”条件,是对流得以组织发展成为中尺度对流系统的重要原因。涡度收支诊断表明,季风槽气旋性涡度生成主要由中尺度对流系统低层辐合引起。位涡分离反演结果证实,季风槽气旋性环流增强主要由与中尺度对流系统潜热加热相关的扰动位涡造成,并随着中尺度对流系统加热峰值高度升高而向上发展,是大尺度环流对中尺度对流系统潜热加热动力响应的结果。在季风槽东西两端,由于中尺度对流系统发展强烈且持续,具有更高的加热效率,引起的气旋性涡度向上发展最为明显。其结果可引起中尺度对流系统西南一侧向北非地转风发展,并在地转偏向力作用下增强西风,维持低空急流的发展,为对流反复发生提供条件。这些都说明季风槽大尺度环流与中尺度对流系统相互作用在中尺度对流系统和持续暴雨形成过程中有重要作用。     

100hPa高压环流和东风气流的季节、年际和年代际变化

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，分析了中低纬地区100hPa高压环流和东风气流的季节、年际和年代际变化，并与南亚高压的相应变化进行对比分析。结果表明，100hPa高压环流中心有明显的季节分布特征，其中心经度的主频区与100hPa南亚高压中心经度的主频区位置较为一致。南亚高压和东风气流的部分特征参数有明显的年际和年代际变化。南亚高压参数有明显的10年和大于20年的振荡周期。东风气流的面积有2～5年的振荡周期，其强度则有4年和15年的振荡周期。     

暴雨区的能量积聚和释放

从第二类有限区域湿有效能量收支方程出发，计算方程主要几项的数值，分析广东省三次暴雨的能量积聚和释放。结果表明：暴雨区及其临近地区在暴雨过程之前、暴雨中期和暴雨之后，不但各项的数值有很大差异，而且各项所起的作用也明显不同。     

东亚副热带夏季风环流指数及其与中国气候的关系

采用大气环流正、斜压分解方法，从东亚副热带夏季风为正、斜压混合型季风观点出发，定义并计算了1958-1997年东亚副热带夏季风环流指数。该环流指数与1961-1995年中国160站夏季降水、气温的相关分析表明，它与中国东部夏季降水和气温的关系密切：强季风年，以河套地区为中心的黄河流域及华北地区多雨，长江流域少雨，华南和东南沿海多雨，以长江流域为中心的全国绝大部分地区气温偏高。弱季风年情况相反。此外，还将该环流指数与目前常用的4种东亚夏季风指数进行了对比分析。     

“云娜”台风影响的商城特大暴雨过程分析

利用常规资料、天气图、物理量诊断分析等资料,对“云娜”登陆后的特征及其对商城造成特大暴雨的天气过程进行了分析,结果表明:强大深厚的台风低压是主要影响系统;华北地区弱冷空气侵入台风倒槽是主要原因;地形对降水起增幅作用;水汽通量和垂直速度中心与特大暴雨落区一致,对特大暴雨具有指示意义。