中国人类福祉地区差距演变及其影响因素——基于人类发展指数(HDI)的分析

应用空间基尼系数、泰尔系数分解及面板模型等方法,对1995-2013年中国人类福祉地区差距及其影响因素进行分析,结果显示：①1995-2013年中国人类福祉省际差距整体趋于缩小。其中,“九五”时期不断缩小,“十五”时期波动变化,“十一五”时期快速缩小,“十二五”时期趋同发展;②四大区域之间的人类福祉差距是最主要的差距,但其贡献率总体呈递减趋势,而区域内人类福祉省际差距的贡献率呈递增趋势。西部地区人类福祉的省际差距最大但降幅明显,东部地区人类福祉的省际差距先扩大后降低,中部、东北地区人类福祉省际差距相对较小且不断缩小;③中国人类福祉地区差距和城乡收入差距同向扩大。加快经济发展、增加教育经费投入均可提高中国各省的人类福祉水平,但也可能扩大地区差距。提高卫生经费占比的增长率可降低中国人类福祉水平,但却能有效缩小中国地区之间的福祉差距。提高人均社会保障支出和人均转移支付,既能提高中国各省区的人类福祉水平,又可起到促进地区之间福祉均衡作用。     

Multi-level temporal autoregressive modelling of daily activity satisfaction using GPS-integrated activity diary data

In this research, we match web-based activity diary data with daily mobility information recorded by GPS trackers for a sample of 709 residents in a 7-day survey in Beijing in 2012 to investigate activity satisfaction. Given the complications arising from the irregular time intervals of GPS-integrated diary data and the associated complex dependency structure, a direct application of standard (spatial) panel data econometric approaches is inappropriate. This study develops a multi-level temporal autoregressive modelling approach to analyse such data, which conceptualises time as continuous and examines sequential correlations via a time or space-time weights matrix. Moreover, we manage to simultaneously model individual heterogeneity through the inclusion of individual random effects, which can be treated flexibly either as independent or dependent. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are developed for model implementation. Positive sequential correlations and individual heterogeneity effects are both found to be statistically significant. Geographical contextual characteristics of sites where activities take place are significantly associated with daily activity satisfaction, controlling for a range of situational characteristics and individual socio-demographic attributes. Apart from the conceivable urban planning and development implications of our study, we demonstrate a novel statistical methodology for analysing semantic GPS trajectory data in general.     

城市贫困群体主观生活质量研究——以西安市典型社区为例

基于调查问卷和半结构式访谈的数据,以西安市典型社区贫困群体的主观生活质量为研究对象,分别采用语义差别法研究生活环境感知、熵权TOPSIS 法测算主观满意度、关联网络法分析生活感受特征。结果表明：① 贫困群体对生活环境感知存在局限性,感知能力较差,大多数人群感知结果偏向于正,形成主观感知与客观事实存在偏差的特征。② 贫困群体对生活质量感知较为敏感。就生活质量主观满意度而言,贫困群体主观满意度不高,离各指标的最优状态还相差甚远。4个典型地区贫困人群的主观满意度同处于中等偏低水平。就生活质量感受特征而言,贫困群体对其生活状况的感受整体上是消极的和负面的,生活的不满主要与工作状况、薪资水平密切相关,生活的满意感主要与邻里关系及交通条件等有关。③ 不同类型社区贫困群体感知差异显著,形成原因与典型社区的规划建设背景、所处地理位置、现有功能定位等因素有关。     

中国人类福祉变化的驱动效应及时空分异

为建立碳排放敏感性人类福祉指数(HWI),运用LMDI方法对全国、区域及省区层面人类福祉变化的驱动效应及其时空分异进行分析,并得出以下结论：①改革开放30多年来,中国人类福祉水平不断提高,正向世界高人类福祉水平推进,但2005年以后人类福祉提升所付出的生态环境代价越来越大;②在1980-2010年期间的中国人类福祉提升中,2000年以前由经济效应和技术进步效应共同驱动,2000年以后则以经济效应驱动为主;③经济增长、技术进步和生态效率等因素共同影响中国区域人类福祉演变趋势。其中,经济增长和技术进步是主要驱动力,而生态效率效应则是主要的抑制力;从四大区域来看,提高技术进步和经济效率是东部地区提升人类福祉最主要的驱动因素,经济增长是中部、西部、东北地区提升人类福祉的核心驱动力;④中国人类福祉变化驱动效应可归纳为4种区域模式。其中,上海是技术效应为主的驱动模式,江西、湖南、四川、甘肃是经济效应为主的驱动模式,北京是“生态效率效应+技术效应”组合驱动模式,其他省区主要是“经济效应+技术效应”组合驱动模式;⑤中国应实施兼顾降低碳排放和提高人类福祉的低碳人文发展战略,着力扭转生态效率因素的减量效应;逐步改变经济效应为主推动人类福祉提升的驱动模式,构建人类福祉可持续提升的多元驱动模式。     

Perceptions of human well-being across diverse respondents and landscapes in a mountain-basin system,China

Human well-being is an important concept for human-nature interactions and affected by social, ecologic, and personal factors. There is increasing consensus about the importance of public perceptions of human well-being, but studies on this are still scarce. Here, we conducted 445 face-to-face interviews to assess subjective well-being across diverse respondents and landscapes in the Huailai mountain-basin system, China. The results suggest the actualization process of human well-being is similar to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. We found that mental health was disregarded by most respondents, while basic material for a good life was most valued. Moreover, our results show differences of well-being across different socio-demographic and landscapes characteristics. Apart from good social relations, elderly respondents had highest levels of human well-being in all other four dimensions; respondents from mountainous land with a high level of ecological conservation had the lowest level of well-being. We discuss the factors contribution to well-being and its implications for local management and policies. Understanding the implications of respondents and landscapes characteristics on human well-being can help managers to develop efficient and specific policies.     

西南天山复杂地层绳索取心钻探跑钻事故处理方法

新疆西南天山萨尔干矿区地层极其破碎复杂,近年来施工的钻孔多全孔破碎、漏失,钻进过程中时有掉块、卡钻、钻孔坍塌等现象发生,严重时发生孔内事故,施工难度较大。本文结合该区一例钻孔施工案例,介绍了破碎复杂地层取心钢丝绳断裂导致岩心内管脱落,进而引发严重跑钻事故的处理过程以及注意事项。结合现场事故情况,通过导向扩孔钻进等方法有效地处理了该起复杂事故,使钻孔得以顺利终孔,取得了所需地质资料,挽回了经济损失。     

Towards integrated governance for water, health and social–ecological systems: The watershed governance prism

This article proposes a shift toward the integrated governance of watersheds as a basis for fostering health, sustainability and social–ecological resilience. The authors suggest that integrated watershed governance is more likely when different perspectives, including health and well-being, are explicitly understood, communicated, and sought as co-benefits of watershed management. A new conceptual device – the watershed governance prism – is introduced in relation to the multiple facets of governance that characterize contemporary water resources management and examined as an integrative framework to link social and environmental concerns with the determinants of health in the watershed context. The authors assess the diagnostic and communicative potential of such a framework, discussing its utility as a concise depiction of multiple, interacting policy priorities and as a guide to integrate different research and policy domains into the governance of water, health and social–ecological systems.     

Impacts of changes in the flue-cured tobacco sector on farmers in Ontario, Canada

Impacts of the forces and processes of agricultural restructuring are described in this paper through an analysis of farmers’ ‘lived experience’ in the tobacco sector of Ontario, Canada. The paper argues that the political and economic changes in the 1980s fundamentally altered tobacco farming and the broader rural community. The analysis is based upon a survey of farmers and former farmers, and includes examples of individual case histories. The results show the ways in which farmers’ well-being was affected and provides insights into coping mechanisms.     

Relationship of Ecological Well-being Performance and Sustainable Economic Development in Liaoning Province

Liaoning Province is in a critical period of economic transformation. The rational utilization of ecological resources and the balance of the relationship between the resource environment and economic growth have become the key factors affecting its sustainable economic development. This paper uses data from the Human Development Index and an ecological footprint to construct the ecological well-being performance of Liaoning Province from 2006 to 2016. It then examines the relationship of ecological well-being performance with economic growth, considers the factors influencing the well-being level effect, and analyzes the trends for sustainable economic development from the perspective of ecological well-being. There is a horizontal comparison of the current situation of ecological well-being performance in Liaoning Province and with other coastal provinces in China and clarification of the stage and development gap. The conclusions show that: 1) The trend of ecological well-being performance in Liaoning Province during this period first decreased and then rose, with this movement mainly affected by changes in the ecological footprint; 2) There is a U-shaped relationship between ecological well-being performance and economic growth, and resource consumption contributes less to promote well-being; 3) There are three stages to the sustainable development trend: inferior, medium and advanced. When compared with others coastal provinces, Liaoning Province belongs to the high consumption and low well-being type.     

三亚市季节性旅游移民社会融合对主观幸福感的影响

以旅游消费移民的代表性群体——季节性旅游移民为对象,构建季节性旅游移民社会融合对主观幸福感影响的概念模型,并提出相关假设;以典型的旅居城市三亚为案例地,运用结构方程模型对假设进行验证。研究表明：季节性旅游移民的文化融合对主观幸福感的影响较小,仅对正面情绪有显著的正向影响;而心理融合和身份融合均正向显著作用于主观幸福感的生活满意和正面情绪2个维度,且对负面情绪有显著抑制作用。基于实证分析,从文化融合、身份融合、心理融合等层面提出季节性旅游移民主观幸福感的提升策略。