三江源高寒草甸土壤化学计量特征及酶活性对不同退化程度的响应

Soil stoichiometries and enzyme activities are important indices for plant growth and nutrient cycles. In order to explore the changes and interaction between soil stoichiometries and enzyme activities during the deg⁃ radation of the alpine meadow in the headwaters of Three Rivers,the field sampling and laboratory analysis was used in this study. The effects of different degradation degrees（natural vegetation,light degradation,moderate degradation and severe degradation） on the soil organic carbon （SOC）,total carbon （TC）,total nitrogen （TN）,total phosphorus（TP）,total potassium（TK）,pH,soil stoichiometries and enzyme activities and their interactions were analyzed. The results show that：（1）With the aggravation of degradation degree,SOC and TN contents in different soil layers showed an overall decreasing trend,while TK contents showed an increasing trend,and there was no significant difference among soil layers. TP content showed the highest values in light degradation areas,with all the values greater than 0. 7 g·kg-1. The pH value did not change significantly with the degradation degree. （2）The stoichiometric ratio of C,N,P and K of soil decreased with degradation degree,and the ratios of carbon to nitrogen were relatively stable. （3）The activities of β-1,4-xylosidase（BX）,β-nacetylglucosaminidase（NAG）,acid phosphatase（AP）,β-fiber diglycosidase（BCE）and β-glucosidase（BG）in different soil layers were higher in the light degradation（P<0. 05）than other levels of degradation. （4）SOC,TN,TP content and stoichiometric ratios were positively correlated with the activities of AP,BG,BCE,BX and NAG,while pH was negatively correlated with the activities of five enzymes（P<0. 05）. In conclusion,the degradation of alpine meadow is closely related to soil stoichiometries and soil enzyme activities,and soil stoi⁃ chiometries and enzyme activities showed great differences among different degradation stages. Our results pro⁃ vide a scientific basis for the treatment and restoration of alpine meadow at different degradation stages. Copyright © 2023 Institute of Microbiology, CAS. All rights reserved.     

高原植物正构烷烃的奇偶优势及其环境指示意义

利用气相色谱技术对青藏高原东北部高寒草甸生态系统中高等植物火绒草和蒲公英的正构烷烃分布特征及其碳优势指数(CPI)、奇偶优势指数(OEP)进行分析,发现两种植物抽提物中正构烷烃主要为C₁₁~C₃₅,丰度最大的为C₂₉、C₂₇和C₃₁;正构烷烃具有非常明显的奇偶优势;蒲公英正构烷烃CPI和OEP存在随海拔升高而加强的变化趋势,火绒草正构烷烃奇偶优势随海拔升高虽有一定变化但规律性不强。     

不同封育年限高寒草甸植被/土壤碳密度及净生态系统CO2交换量的比较

封育是推广范围最广的草地恢复措施之一. 为研究不同封育年限高寒草甸植被、土壤碳密度变化, 对1 a、6 a和16 a不同封育年限样地监测结果进行分析.结果表明: 不同封育年限高寒草甸植被现存碳密度表现出封育16 a>封育1 a>封育6 a, 分别为1 522.57 gC·m^-2、1 323.12 gC·m^-2和1 148.17 gC·m^-2, 但不同封育年限之间植被现存碳密度差异不显著(P>0.05). 土壤碳密度垂直分布明显, 0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层有机碳密度较高, 随土层深度增加土壤有机碳密度明显下降, 土壤容重上升;不同封育年限之间0~40 cm层次土壤碳密度和土壤容重差异性均不显著, 但仍可表现出土壤碳密度封育1 a>封育6 a>封育16 a, 分别为28 636.32 gC·m^-2、26 570.92 gC·m^-2和26 060.71 gC·m^-2;同时, 土壤容重随封育时间延长而下降. 对7月下旬到10月上旬净生态系统CO₂交换率(NEE)监测来看, 封育1 a植被土壤碳吸收速率显著高于封育16 a(P<0.05);而排放率与封育16 a样地接近, 差异不显著(P>0.05).     

青海北祁连中南沟水系沉积物地球化学特征

青海北祁连中南沟高山切割明显,坡下植被发育,属高寒草甸景观,不利于颗粒物质的机械迁移。该地区不同粒级水系沉积物中成矿元素变化趋势一致,含量衰减迅速且在细粒级富集,并主要为硫化物相。研究结果说明,在该地区常规水系碎屑沉积物测量方法存在一定问题。由于草甸发育,颗粒物质迁移受到抑止,水系碎屑沉积物仅出现在2~3级水系。因此,在普查阶段可能会漏掉许多矿化信息;由于受其分布所限,详查阶段无法保证采集到真正的水系沉积物,只能用坡积物代替,导致采样介质不统一。     

Using stable isotopes to identify major flow pathways in a permafrost influenced alpine meadow hillslope during summer rainfall period

Global warming has leaded to permafrost degradation, with potential impacts on the runoff generation processes of permafrost influenced alpine meadow hillslope. Stable isotopes have the potential to trace the complex runoff generation processes. In this study, precipitation, hillslope surface and subsurface runoff, stream water, and mobile soil water (MSW) at different hillslope positions and depths were collected during the summer rainfall period to analyse the major flow pathway based on stable isotopic signatures. The results indicated that (a) compared with precipitation, the δ²H values of MSW showed little temporal variation but strong heterogeneity with enriched isotopic ratios at lower hillslope positions and in deeper soil layers. (b) The δ²H values of middle-slope surface runoff and shallow subsurface flow were similar to those of precipitation and MSW of the same soil layer, respectively. (c) Middle-slope shallow subsurface flow was the major flow pathway of the permafrost influenced alpine meadow hillslope, which turned into surface runoff at the riparian zone before contributing to the streamflow. (d) The slight variation of δ²H values in stream water was shown to be related to mixing processes of new water (precipitation, 2%) and old water (middle-slope shallow subsurface flow, 98%) in the highly transmissive shallow thawed soil layers. It was inferred that supra-permafrost water levels would be lowered to a less conductive, deeper soil layer under further warming and thawing permafrost, which would result in a declined streamflow and delayed runoff peak. This study explained the “rapid mobilization of old water” paradox in permafrost influenced alpine meadow hillslope and improved our understanding of permafrost hillslope hydrology in alpine regions.     

升温处理对植物碳同位素测试结果的影响

通过研究内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原生态系统和青海海北高寒草甸生态系统的12种植物在不同升温条件下的碳同位素测试结果,讨论升温处理及其造成的轻微炭化对植物碳同位素组成的影响并分析其作用机理。升温处理对多数植物样品的碳同位素组成没有强烈影响,但也可能导致部分植物的碳同位素组成变重(尤其是当样品发生轻微炭化时),其分馏程度会因物种的不同而不同。     

Soil organic carbon storage and soil CO_2 flux in the alpine meadow ecosystem

High-resolution sampling,measurements of organic carbon contents and 14C signatures of selected four soil profiles in the Haibei Station situated on the northeast Tibetan Plateau,and application of 14C tracing technology were conducted in an attempt to investigate the turnover times of soil organic car-bon and the soil-CO2 flux in the alpine meadow ecosystem. The results show that the organic carbon stored in the soils varies from 22.12×104 kg C hm-2 to 30.75×104 kg C hm-2 in the alpine meadow eco-systems,with an average of 26.86×104 kg C hm-2. Turnover times of organic carbon pools increase with depth from 45 a to 73 a in the surface soil horizon to hundreds of years or millennia or even longer at the deep soil horizons in the alpine meadow ecosystems. The soil-CO2 flux ranges from 103.24 g C m-2 a-1 to 254.93 gC m-2 a-1,with an average of 191.23 g C m-2 a-1. The CO2 efflux produced from microbial decomposition of organic matter varies from 73.3 g C m-2 a-1 to 181 g C m-2 a-1. More than 30% of total soil organic carbon resides in the active carbon pool and 72.8%―81.23% of total CO2 emitted from or-ganic matter decomposition results from the topsoil horizon (from 0 cm to 10 cm) for the Kobresia meadow. Responding to global warming,the storage,volume of flow and fate of the soil organic carbon in the alpine meadow ecosystem of the Tibetan Plateau will be changed,which needs further research.     

亚高山湿地摇蚊亚化石记录的近两百年来环境演化——以重庆葱坪湿地为例

偏远的亚高山湿地受人为活动直接干扰较小,是追踪气候变化和大气沉降双重影响下湿地生态系统演化的理想研究地.本研究以位于巫山的葱坪湿地为研究对象,基于一根50 cm沉积岩芯的²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs测年、摇蚊亚化石和元素序列,探讨该湿地近200年来环境演化历史.结果表明,摇蚊种群由1910年之前的Chironomus anthracinus-type、Limnophyes sp.、Cladotanytarsus mancus-type 1变为1910-1925年的C.mancus-type 1、C.anthracinus-type、Procladius sp.和Endochironomus impar-type的优势组合,这些优势种均指示浅水环境.此后,耐营养种E.impar-type、Polypedilum nubeculosum-type和C.anthracinus-type逐渐成为优势种.冗余分析表明,总磷、总碳和钙是解释摇蚊组合变化的显著环境因子.20世纪30年代以前摇蚊种群可能与进入湿地的径流量小、水位较低相关,而20世纪中叶以来摇蚊组合变化指示大气沉降增长背景下湿地营养富集过程.在大气沉降和气候变化的双重影响下,耐营养属种增加和生物多样性降低表明葱坪湿地生态环境正发生退化.     

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER QUALITY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW DYNAMICS IN A SMALL WETLAND SYSTEM ALONG A SANDY HILL RIDGE

Detailed modelling of the hydrological setting of fen meadows appears to be possible provided that detailed information on geomorphology, hydrochemistry and piezometric heads is available for a number of years. In the Laegieskamp, a small wetland reserve located in the central part of The Netherlands, a piezometric monitoring network was sampled for water quality analysis and piezometric heads between 1986 and 1992. Average yearly discharge and recharge periods were used for FLOWNET calculations. First, the models were used to determine, with the help of information on water quality, the hydrological systems in the study area. Secondly, they were used to define the present and past hydrological setting of a fen meadow in the reserve. The hydrological systems and water quality in the study area have changed considerably over the past 65 years. At present the fen meadow is mainly fed by precipitation. The mineral-rich conditions favouring the fen meadow vegetation are thought to be maintained thanks to a clayey peat layer and an oscillating shallow water body that prevents rapid leaching of minerals. The sulphate content in the fen exhibits a pattern of temporal variation, which is related to the severity of the annual drought. Our study showed that groundwater flow is mainly lateral, instead of the assumed vertical infiltration of groundwater in previous regional studies. This led us to the conclusion that conservation and restoration perspectives are much better than previously expected. The polluted middle, deep groundwater is not a major threat to this fen at the moment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

祁连山海北高寒草甸地区微气候特征的观测研究

对祁连山海北高寒草甸地区近夏至日微气象观测分析表明：（１）１４：００（北京时,下同）太阳总辐射瞬时值最高可达１０６１Ｗ．ｍ＾－２,净辐射、反射辐射、光合有效辐射和紫外辐射分别为６７０、２１８、３８０和１６８Ｗ．ｍ＾－２,分别约为在太阳总辐射的５８％、２０％、３６％和１４％,６月下旬日平均反射率约为０．２２;（２）土壤热通量、感热通量和潜热通量瞬时值最大分别为９１、２７４和３６２Ｗ．ｍ＾－２,相应占