长江口河口河槽浅地层剖面探测研究

于2010年枯季利用浅地层剖面仪等对长江口自江阴至北港、北槽和南槽口门段河槽浅部地层进行探测.探测结果显示:江阴至徐六泾段落潮流占绝对优势,床沙质以细砂为主,发育有波长约15～25m、波高约0.5～0.8m的沙波;自徐六泾至口门段河槽床面受势力相当的涨、落潮流影响,河槽床面仅偶尔发育有较小尺度的沙波,波长5.0～12m...     

Controls on luminescence signals in lake sediment cores: A study from Lake Suigetsu,Japan

The luminescence characteristics of sediments are driven by a range of environmental factors and can be used as indicators of both local and regional environmental shifts. Hence, rapid luminescence profiling techniques are increasingly employed during multiproxy analysis of sediment cores, overcoming the practical limitations of traditional (dating) methods. One emerging application of luminescence profiling is in the palaeoenvironmental investigation of lake cores. This study demonstrates the versatility of rapid core profiling using portable optically stimulated luminescence and laboratory profiling techniques for appraising the luminescence characteristics of the Lake Suigetsu (Japan) sediment cores. These techniques were employed across four key time periods, each selected for their unique environmental context and significance on either a local or global scale, in order to identify relationships between down-core luminescence and environmental change. We demonstrate that the luminescence characteristics of the cores are susceptible to a range of environmental perturbations and can therefore act as proxies of past change. Additionally, the quantification of these luminescence signals, alongside an assessment of dose rate variations down-core, supports the notion that future luminescence dating is feasible. The results of this analysis contribute to the wider understanding of the application of luminescence techniques – both profiling and dating – to lake sediment cores.     

宁河地区地震探测结果与桐城断裂浅部结构特征初探

桐城断裂是一条对唐山地震有地壳形变反映的活动断裂,是沧县隆起与黄骅凹陷北部的分界线。本次研究在桐城断裂宁河跨断层场地采用浅层地震探测方法,布设了两条近南北向的浅层人工地震物探剖面,获得了两条反映不同深度的高质量叠加时间、深度剖面图,查明了目标断裂的结构特征。本次工作在研究区探测出7条断裂,发现桐城断裂是由多条主断裂和次级断裂组成的断裂带,但本次工作测线布设相对较短且探测深度有限,因此,通过总结相关部门专家和学者在研究区周边的地震探测成果,初步认为断裂带在浅部呈"花状",并向下呈汇聚趋势。另外,结合前人学者对研究区及周边的钻孔和地层研究工作,通过钻孔地层对比,认为桐城断裂是一条中更新世活动断裂。根据断裂上断点的准确坐标位置以及桐城断裂产状特征,发现宁河跨断层监测场地有效的对F2、F3和F4三条断裂进行了监控,并根据前人对研究区应力应变研究结果,认为宁河跨断层监测场地的巨幅形变反映了F2和F3两条断裂的垂直运动特征。但其形变特征与唐山地震的关系是需要进一步探索的。     

High‐resolution seismic reflection profiling of neotectonic faults in Lake Timiskaming,Timiskaming Graben,Ontario‐Quebec,Canada

The Timiskaming Graben is a 400 km long, 50 km wide north‐west trending morphotectonic depression within the Canadian Shield of eastern North America and experiences frequent intraplate earthquakes. The graben extends along the border of Ontario and Quebec, connecting southward with the Nipissing and Ottawa‐Bonnechere grabens and the St. Lawrence Rift System which includes a similar structure underlying the Hudson Valley of the eastern USA. Together they form a complex failed rift system related to regional extension of North American crust during the breakup of Rodinia and, later, Pangea. The Timiskaming Graben lies within a belt of heightened seismic activity (Western Quebec Seismic Zone) with frequent moderate magnitude (greater than magnitude 5) earthquakes including a magnitude 6.2 in 1935. These events threaten aging urban infrastructure built on soft glacial sediments; post‐glacial landslides along the Ottawa Valley suggest earthquakes as large as magnitude 7. The inner part of the Timiskaming Graben is filled by Lake Timiskaming, a large 110 km long post‐glacial successor to glacial Lake Barlow that was ponded by the Laurentide Ice Sheet 9500 years ago. The effects of frequent ground shaking on lake floor sediments was assessed by collecting more than 1000 line kilometres of high‐resolution ‘chirp’ seismic profiles. Late glacial Lake Barlow glaciolacustrine and overlying post‐glacial sediments are extensively deformed by extensional faults that define prominent horsts and grabens; multibeam bathymetry data suggest that faults influence the morphology of the modern lake floor, despite high sedimentation rates, and indicate recent neotectonic deformation. The Lake Timiskaming area provides evidence of post‐glacial intracratonic faulting related to recurring earthquake activity along a weak spot within the North American plate.     

穿越冈底斯地体的宽频地震探测研究

青藏高原是大约60 Ma以来印度次大陆与欧亚大陆直接碰撞形成的,是研究大陆碰撞过程和发展板块构造理论的最佳场所。冈底斯构造带位于印度次大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞的前沿地带,对冈底斯构造带的探测结果将直接影响到对大陆碰撞过程和整个青藏高原地壳变形过程的认识。2011年9月至2012年9月一条穿越冈底斯(GDS)地体的地震深部探测剖面始于班公怒江断裂带北缘,向南穿越了崩错—嘉黎断裂带、冈底斯地体、雅鲁藏布缝合线并跨过藏南拆离断层系(STD),终止于喜马拉雅山南坡。本文作者利用天然地震体波完成了该条剖面的二维走时残差反演,展现出了该地段深部构造格局。首先验证了冈底斯地体浅部存在大面积部分熔融层的研究结论;支持甲玛大型斑岩铜矿为大陆碰撞挤压条件下岩浆上侵的成矿模式;PKP曲线描绘出了本次研究区间内Moho界面的形态,确定地壳最厚处在雅江缝合线南北两侧约50 km区间。这些推论和发现为青藏高原深部的结构研究提供了重要信息。     

煤矿浅埋老窑采空区多梯度剖面装置探测研究

以内蒙某露天煤矿的地质特征为依据,建立二维正演模型,利用改进的高密度电法装置——多梯度剖面装置进行采空区在埋深、充水性、规模等不同条件下的正演响应分析,总结出高、低阻模式下异常响应都会随采空区深度的增加表现为幅度减少,且埋深大于采空区直径的3～5倍时,其正演剖面上难以显示出异常特征。以煤层顶板为30m的数据进行反演,发现高阻异常的反演结果与理论模型在位置、宽度、顶部埋深和电阻率值方面吻合程度较高;而充水采空区,异常的规模存在一定误差。内蒙某露天煤矿的勘探实例,验证了多梯度剖面装置在浅埋采空区勘探中,可以取得较理想效果,特别是对不充水采空区,其准确度更高。     

The Hawkesbury sandstone and the Brahmaputra: A depositional model for continental sheet sandstones

Bedding characteristics of the fluvial Hawkesbury Sandstone (Triassic) of the Sydney Basin are most readily explained in terms of a model of flood‐ and falling‐stage vertical accretion derived from Coleman's study of the Brahmaputra. This model suggests inadequacies in present concepts of ‘braided stream’ deposits based on observations made at low stage. A Brahmaputra model may be widely applicable to continental sheet sandstones.     

Sand wave deposition in the Taiwan Shoal of China

The Taiwan Shoal is the convex terrain in the southern Taiwan Strait, the largest strait in China. In 2006 and 2007, 21 samples and more than 200-km sub-bottom data as well as 80-km near shore side-scan sonar data were gotten, which gave an initial image of the boundaries of the Taiwan Shoal and revealed the internal structure of the sand waves in this area. The results showed that the major component of the sediment samples was sand, and sand waves occurred everywhere in this area, which closely followed the range of the Taiwan Shoal as we know. The western boundary of the Taiwan Shoal thus reaches the 30 m isobaths near the shore, and as a result, its area potentially covers approximately 12 800-14 770 km². The sand waves have different shapes under the complex ocean dynamics, and the height of sand waves in the near shore is usually smaller than that in the Taiwan Shoal. The number of sand waves ranged from 1-5 per kilometer, with more waves in the isobath-intensive area, suggesting the importance of topography for the formation of sand waves. The stratigraphic structure under the seabed has parallel bedding or cross bedding, and large dipping groove bedding can be seen locally in different parts, which may be the result of terrestrial deposition since the Late Pleistocene.     

Mining Sand on the Continental Shelf of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the U.S.

Essentially all marine mining along the East and Gulf coasts of the U.S. is for sand used in beach nourishment projects. The current minimal commercial production of sand and aggregate may increase as conventional, on-shore sources become exhausted or are lost to competing land use. Studies published in the late 1990s document a history of nearly 900 individual episodes of beach nourishment having a total cost in excess of $2 × 10⁹ with several hundred million cubic meters of sand placed along over 645 km (400 mi) of shoreline. As exemplified by studies in Florida, prospecting for sand for use in beach nourishment can begin before site specific needs are identified. A full prospecting starts with assimilation of pertinent literature, local knowledge, and an understanding of the geologic and geomorphic settings in which suitable deposits of sand or aggregate occur. High-resolution seismic profiling follows to outline the three dimensional extent of the sand bodies. Finally, vibratory cores are collected to verify the interpretation of the seismic data and to provide samples for geotechnical, especially granulometric, analyses. The actual method of production often is determined by the local availability of different dredge types. Because the mining of marine sands disturbs meaningful areas of the sea floor, environmental concerns must be considered. While it generally is assumed that dredged areas will be left barren, it is possible to assess the likely rate of recolonization. The disruption of bottom habitat also can affect feeding and spawning areas for fishes and other organisms. Alteration in local currents and wave transformation processes need to be modeled and their consequences assessed.     

开发地震技术及进展

地震技术经过多年的发展,已经成为寻找石油和天然气的重要手段.并且正逐步向油气开发及生产领域渗透.出现的新技术主要包括：3D地震、垂直地震剖面、井间地震、时间推移地震、多波多分量地震、微地震检测、随钻地震等新技术.这些技术在国内各油田日益受到重视,在应用中取得了较好效果,为油田增储上产做出了重要贡献.对地震技术的形成过程作了简单回顾并着重对开发地震技术进行了介绍和归纳,同时对今后的发展方向进行了探讨.