Effects of detailed soil spatial information on watershed modeling across different model scales

Hydro-ecological modelers often use spatial variation of soil information derived from conventional soil surveys in simulation of hydro-ecological processes over watersheds at mesoscale (10–100 km²). Conventional soil surveys are not designed to provide the same level of spatial detail as terrain and vegetation inputs derived from digital terrain analysis and remote sensing techniques. Soil property layers derived from conventional soil surveys are often incompatible with detailed terrain and remotely sensed data due to their difference in scales. The objective of this research is to examine the effect of scale incompatibility between soil information and the detailed digital terrain data and remotely sensed information by comparing simulations of watershed processes based on the conventional soil map and those simulations based on detailed soil information across different simulation scales. The detailed soil spatial information was derived using a GIS (geographical information system), expert knowledge, and fuzzy logic based predictive mapping approach (Soil Land Inference Model, SoLIM). The Regional Hydro-Ecological Simulation System (RHESSys) is used to simulate two watershed processes: net photosynthesis and stream flow. The difference between simulation based on the conventional soil map and that based on the detailed predictive soil map at a given simulation scale is perceived to be the effect of scale incompatibility between conventional soil data and the rest of the (more detailed) data layers at that scale. Two modeling approaches were taken in this study: the lumped parameter approach and the distributed parameter approach. The results over two small watersheds indicate that the effect does not necessarily always increase or decrease as the simulation scale becomes finer or coarser. For a given watershed there seems to be a fixed scale at which the effect is consistently low for the simulated processes with both the lumped parameter approach and the distributed parameter approach.     

对江西农经网如何更好地提供信息服务的探讨

分析了江西农村经济信息网(www.jxagriec.gov.cn)的现状,指出农经网信息服务正面临着挑战,并在此基础上阐述了农经网信息服务的发展思路。     

影响我国北方的台风相似预报系统

普查建国以来影响我国北方的所有台风个例 ,建立了影响我国北方的台风详细历史资料库 ,对台风位置、形成季节、移向、天气形势等进行相似分析 ,并在MICAPS平台上 ,建立了短期和中期台风相似预报系统。     

班公湖—怒江构造带西段三叠纪—侏罗纪构造—沉积演化

班公湖－怒江构造带西段在大地构造位置上处于特提斯构造域东端，横跨班公湖－怒江断裂带。三叠纪－株罗纪期间，其构造－沉积演化经历了大陆初始裂谷（T）、原洋裂谷（J1）、残余弧后盆地（J2－J3）阶段。初始裂谷阶段的拉张是呈南断北超的半地堑式由东向西进行的，逐渐形成地堑式原洋裂谷盆地。中晚侏罗世，南部新特提斯洋壳开始北各俯冲,产生的区域挤压应力使原洋裂谷逐渐封闭，裂谷盆地的小洋壳表现出以南向俯冲为主的双向式腑冲，同时伴生区域热沉降，盆地具残余弧后盆地的性质。该阶段,羌南地区发育碳酸盐岩为主的稳定陆缘沉积，冈度斯－念青唐古拉板片北部则形成广泛南超的近源碎屑沉积。     

资源勘查图件计算机辅助编绘系统的结构分析与开发策略研究

如何站在信息系统的高度来进行资源图件计算机辅助编绘系统的快速开发，是资源信息系统领域计算机应用的一个重要研究课题。在结构分析的基础上，将资源图件计算机辅助编绘系统划分为图形数据库，应用图形系统和基础图形系统3个基本部分。对于复杂资源图件的计算机辅助编绘，需要地矿点源信息系统的支持。在基础图形系统上进行专业编绘程序的二次开发是高效建立图件编绘系统的最佳途径，并需注意GIS集成应用，三维可视化，人工智能和参数化设计等方法的运用，而系统平台开发是复杂应用的高级阶段。该思想可应用于煤及油气勘探，工程开发，矿区管理及区域地质等诸多领域的软件开发中。     

基于MAPGIS的军事标图系统的设计

军事领域是一个非常特殊的行业，信息的安全性和空间数据的多样性是应用开发的重要问题。在全球信息化日趋高速发展和逐步成熟的今天，军队信息化建设也必须与GIS技术紧密结合，跟上时代前进的步伐。较系统地研究了GIS技术在军事标图绘制中的应用和集成问题，并提供了相应的理论方法和实现系统。在此基础上介绍了以MAPGIS为开发平台的军事标绘系统的实用功能和特点。首先分析了军事信息系统对地理信息数据的要求，并且评述了相关领域的研究现状。然后较为系统地介绍了军事标图系统的总体设计，根据军事标绘对象的数据特征，设计符合要求的应用系统提出了面向对象和无缝交互工具等的设计思想。对军标对象数据模型和操作模型进行了详细地阐述和说明，并将这些模型在系统中进行了实现。最后介绍了军事标图系统的主要模块和功能，探讨了今后GIS研究和发展的方向。     

武汉市区第四系含水层地下水有机污染敏感性研究

在详细调查武汉市水文地质条件和地下水污染现状的基础上，获得了高精度的武汉市水环境中微量有机污染物的组成数据。所检测出的有机组分达30余种，以苯及相关苯系物为主，污染程度较高的地下水主要分布在人口密集区和工业，商业区，应用改进的DRASTIC模型－地下水污染敏感性评价模型，在GIS平台上，编制了武汉市区地下水污染敏感性分区图。根据其评价结果，建议集中对那些敏感性相对较高的区域采取有效的环保措施，开发利用时应作出风险评价。     

Structural damage detection using the optimal weights of the approximating artificial neural networks

This work presents a novel neural network‐based approach to detect structural damage. The proposed approach comprises two steps. The first step, system identification, involves using neural system identification networks (NSINs) to identify the undamaged and damaged states of a structural system. The partial derivatives of the outputs with respect to the inputs of the NSIN, which identifies the system in a certain undamaged or damaged state, have a negligible variation with different system errors. This loosely defined unique property enables these partial derivatives to quantitatively indicate system damage from the model parameters. The second step, structural damage detection, involves using the neural damage detection network (NDDN) to detect the location and extent of the structural damage. The input to the NDDN is taken as the aforementioned partial derivatives of NSIN, and the output of the NDDN identifies the damage level for each member in the structure. Moreover, SDOF and MDOF examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of using the proposed method for damage detection of linear structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal design of passive energy dissipation systems based on H∞ and H2 performances

Passive energy dissipation devices (EDDs), such as viscous dampers, viscoelastic dampers, etc., have been used to effectively reduce the dynamic response of civil infrastructures, such as buildings and bridges, subject to earthquakes and strong winds. The design of these passive energy dissipation devices (EDDs) involves the determination of the optimal locations and the corresponding capacities. In this paper, we present two optimal design methodologies for passive EDDs based on active control theories, including H_∞ and H₂ performances, respectively. The optimal design methodologies presented are capable of determining the optimal locations and the corresponding capacities of EDDs. Emphasis is placed on the application of linear matrix inequality (LMI) for the effective design of passive EDDs using the popular MATLAB toolboxes. One important advantage of the proposed approaches is that the computation of the structural response is not needed in the design process. The proposed optimal design methodologies have been applied to: (i) a 10‐storey building and a 24‐storey building both subject to earthquake excitations, and (ii) a 76‐storey wind‐excited benchmark building, to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed design methodologies over the conventional equal capacity design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Towards a direct collapse–load method of design for concrete frames subjected to severe ground motions

Most current methods of design for concrete structures under earthquake loads rely on highly idealized ‘equivalent’ static representations of the seismic loads and linear‐elastic methods of structural analysis. With the continuing development of non‐linear methods of dynamic analysis for the overload behaviour and collapse of complete concrete structures, a more direct and more accurate design procedure becomes possible which considers conditions at system collapse. This paper describes an evaluation procedure that uses non‐linear dynamic collapse–load analysis together with global safety coefficients. A back‐calibration procedure for evaluating the global safety coefficients is also described. The aim of this paper is to open up discussion of alternative methods of design with improved accuracy which are necessary to move towards a direct collapse–load method of design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.