Assessing fish quality status in transitional waters,within the European Water Framework Directive: Setting boundary classes and responding to anthropogenic pressures

Validation of the AZTI's Fish Index (AFI), proposed for the Basque Country (northern Spain), in assessing fish quality within the Water Framework Directive (WFD), is undertaken. The response to anthropogenic pressure is investigated, in setting the boundaries between the different quality status classes. Hence, 12 estuaries were sampled, at different frequencies, between 1989 and 2007, by means of a beam trawl. Significant (p < 0.0001) correlations were found between the AFI and oxygen saturation and ammonia. Oxygen quality standards are used to set boundaries between quality classes. Then, the AFIs obtained are compared with different anthropogenic pressures, including urban and industrial discharges, engineering works and dredging. The effects of the removal of some of these pressures are also studied. The total number of pressures within an estuary shows significant (p < 0.009) negative correlation with AFI, explaining between 51 and 62% of the variability in fish quality. The impact of pressures upon fish and demersal assemblages is detected as required by the WFD. Nonetheless, further investigation and intercalibration of the methods used, are necessary.     

Seasonal cycles and long-term trends of plankton in shelf and oceanic habitats of the Norwegian Sea in relation to environmental variables

The plankton abundance data of the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) route from Bergen or Rotterdam to Weather Station Mike (6444^′N, 2E) from 1949 to 1981 were analysed for long-term trends and seasonal production cycles, and were related to environmental data. The data were explored using the canonical correlation analysis and nonparametric techniques like the Nadaraya–Watson regression. While large copepods such as Calanus spp. and Metridia lucens did not show any temporal trends, a sharp decrease in the abundances of smaller copepods and phytoplankton was observed after 1960. The temporal trends were not related to the NAO, but did show a correlation with the wind direction. Seasonal abundance curves showed that production of both phytoplankton and zooplankton taxa started earlier in coastal water compared to Atlantic water. From the 1950s to the 1970s most taxa showed a delay in the start of the seasonal production cycles, indicating a reduction in the length of the productive cycle. This may to some extent explain the reduced abundance of smaller copepods, phytoplankton and other species during the 1960s and 1970s.     

改进型经验正交函数海洋声速剖面预报方法

鉴于深海温跃层以下往往声速值缺乏,声速剖面不完整的原因,提出一种声速剖面的预报方法:在传统经验正交函数预报法基础上,首先改进协方差矩阵的求解方法,将原始数据的空间信息和时间信息有效地融合到协方差矩阵中,通过由大量实测数据统计得出的时间函数的经验公式,得到合成剖面,将二者结合,把不完整剖面垂直向下延拓到海底,较为有效地解决了传统方法求解协方差矩阵和时间函数较粗糙的问题,给出了完整的海洋声速剖面的准确预报.实测数据检验结果表明,改进方法的预报精度比传统方法有了很大提高.     

台湾屏东县东港溪拦溪对其周边地下水水质及水产养殖的影响

为了解设于屏东县新园乡界河以东港溪上的拦河堰对当地地下水的影响进行一系列研究.首先对台湾西南沿海的屏东县新园乡1989年10月东港溪拦溪建堰前后地下水水质及等水位线数据进行了分析,同时逐月收集东港溪拦溪堰周边的佳冬乡养殖池所用的井水、池水、浮游生物、日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)及虾等数据,进行分析与比较.此外,用以上2个乡的地下水进行了鳗鲡幼苗水族箱养殖试验,并检验分析试验后的鳗鱼.各项分析结果表明,拦溪堰的兴建使新园乡的地下水水位降低,附近污染河川的水渗入了地下,对养殖生物的健康产生不同程度的影响.因此建议,在旱季应减少对东港溪拦溪堰水的抽取量;台湾西部尤其是新园乡的水产养殖活动应予以减少.     

一个波浪破碎散射模型的改进

为了得到与实测数据更为一致的散射模型,对KHCC03散射模型进行了改进.研究了考虑波浪破碎影响的KHCC03散射模型的适用范围.研究结果表明,KHCC03散射模型在入射角为25°～40°范围内,模型结果与实测数据吻合较好,在入射角小于25°和入射角大于40°的情况下,模型结果与实测数据差异较大.针对这一问题,对KHCC03模型进行了改进,结果表明:与原KHCC03模型相比,改进后的模型结果与实测数据吻合程度明显提高.     

镉和汞两种重金属离子对四角蛤蜊的急性毒性

采用毒理学实验方法,比较研究了Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)对四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis Reeve)急性毒性效应的差异,以期为进一步评价重金属离子对四角蛤蜊的毒性效应和作用机理等提供理论依据.死亡概率单位和实验液浓度对数的线性回归分析表明,Cd~(2+)对四角蛤蜊在24、48和96 h的半致死浓度(LC_(50))分别为15.961、5.149和2.383 mg/L,Hg~(2+)的LC_(50)分别为3.714、0.607和0.207 mg/L;Cd~(2+) 和Hg~(2+) 对四角蛤蜊的安全质量浓度分别为0.023 8 mg/L和0.002 1 mg/L,分别是我国渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)限定量的4.76倍和4.02倍.     

珠母贝人工繁育优化技术的研究

在室内水泥池分别进行了移池培育、不同种类附着器、光照强度、水流和冲洗对珠母贝附着幼虫变态和稚贝存活的研究,结果表明:附着密度为2.18个/cm~2±0.50个/cm~2时,移池培育,其变态幼虫密度为0.95个/cm~2±0.13个/cm~2,20 d稚贝存活密度0.41个/~2±0.08个/cm~2,移池培育显著提高附着幼虫变态和稚贝存活;附着板、附着绳、网片、小石块变态幼虫密度分别为0.70个/cm~2±0.08个/cm~2、1.38个/cm~2±0.15个/cm~2、0.97个/cm~2±0.12个/cm~2、1.04个/cm~2±0.28个/cm~2,稚贝存活密度分别为0.36个/cm~2±0.06个/cm~2、0.62个/cm~2±0.07个/cm~2、0.45个/cm~2±0.07个/cm~2、0.60个/cm~2±0.08个/cm~2,附着绳显著提高附着幼虫变态和稚贝存活;光照强度为300～600 lx时变态幼虫密度为0.87个/cm~2±0.07个/cm~2,20 d稚贝存活密度0.45个/cm~2±0.08个/cm~2,强光不利于幼虫的变态和稚贝存活;水流速为2.3 cm/s时变态幼虫密度为1.08个/cm~2±0.07个/cm~2,20 d稚贝存活密度0.87个/cm~2±0.07个/cm~2,冲洗的变态幼虫密度为1.64个/cm~2±0.19个/cm~2,20 d稚贝存活密度1.00个/cm~2±0.12个/cm~2,水流或冲洗显著提高附着幼虫变态和稚贝存活.     

中国海洋志愿观测船现运行状态及发展

志愿船观测是中国必须履行的国际义务。目前,中国海洋志愿观测船只呈逐年减少趋势,从过去的百余艘船只降至三、四十艘,并且从观测能力上也存在较多问题,比如观测手段比较落后、观测要素单一、观测资料缺乏。从根本上讲,志愿船运行机制缺乏有效的制度化保障,因此难以形成业务化能力,并且不能有效的履行国际义务。本文将对志愿船现运行状态及发展进行论述。     

2004 年夏初、秋末长江口外海区冲淡水及羽状锋的盐度特征

用国家海洋局东海环境监测中心2004年夏初（6月）和秋末（11月）对长江口外海区现场观测资料,用Matlab计算机编程语言对观测资料进行质量控制、插值网格化,绘制研究海区盐度立体分布图,显示夏初、秋末两季的盐度分布特征。将2004年夏、秋两季长江口外海区冲淡水和羽状锋的分布与以往观测研究结果对比,可得：（1）长江口外海区冲淡水的盐度值主要在5—31之间,冲淡水前缘盐度锋面的盐度值为18—28;盐度值20—28的盐度锋面基本体现该海区羽状锋的特征及变化。（2）夏初长江口外海区冲淡水范围明显大于秋末,夏初该海区以冲淡水为主,秋末冲淡水的范围收缩,紧贴沿岸一带。相应地,夏初该海区羽状锋呈倾斜锋面,占据较大的海区;秋末则为垂直锋面,介于122．50&#176;E-122．70&#176;E海区。     

基于改进形态学运算的图像去噪自适应算法研究

形态学的腐蚀和膨胀两种基本运算固有特征,使其在去除图像噪声的同时,造成图像信息严重丢失.针对这种现象,首先把传统腐蚀膨胀的极值运算改进为中值运算;其次对结构元素进行改进和优化,定义单位结构元素,利用数学方法推导找到零方阵的单位结构元素;最后在这些研究工作的基础上提出一种新的自适应图像去噪算法.对比实验表明:新方法比传统形态学和中值滤波算法在低信噪比环境下具有明显优势,因此在图像去噪中具有广泛的应用前景.