EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TEMPERATURE EVOLUTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSTABILITY POSITION OF PLANAR STRIKE-SLIP FAULT DURING PROCESS OF STICK-SLIP

Stick-slip of fault in laboratory accompanies change of temperature. Temperature change is not only concerned with sliding friction, but also with the stress state of the sample. In this article, we use infra-red thermal imaging system as wide-range observation means to study the temperature variation of different stages during the deformation of sample. The rock sample for the experiment is made of granodiorite from Fangshan County with a size of 300mm×300mm×50mm. It is cut obliquely at an angle of 45°, forming a planar fault. Two-direction servo-control system was used to apply load on the sample. The load in both directions was forced to 5MPa and maintained constant (5MPa) in the X direction, then the load in the Y direction was applied by a displacement rate of 0.5μm/s, 0.1μm/s and 0.05μm/s successively. The left and below lateral of the sample were fixed, and the right and top lateral of the sample were slidable when loaded. The experiment results show not only the temperature change from increase to decrease caused by conversion of stress accumulation to relaxation before and after the peak stress, but also opposite variation of temperature increase on fault and temperature decrease in rock during instability stage. Most important of all, we have found the temperature precursor identifying the position of instability through the temperature variation with time along the fault. It shows that rate of temperature increase of instability position keeps relative high value since the stage of strongly off-linear stage, and accelerates in stage of meta-instability. After separating the effect of friction and stress, we found that temperature increase occurs in the rock near the fault instead of on the fault, which means the mechanism of temperature increase is stress accumulation. Temperature of fault at the instability position does not increase, which means the position is locked. We speculate that the position of locked area on fault with high stress accumulation near the fault may be the future instability position. It is of significance of studying temperature variation during stick-slip to the monitoring of earthquake precursors. Heat caused by friction of earthquake needs long time to transfer to the surface and could not be detected as a precursor. While the stress of surface rock near the fault would change as the stress of interior rock changes, which could cause detectable temperature variations. The research purpose of this article is to find special change positions before instability. As the temperature variations are caused by stress and slip of fault, the results are also meaningful to analysis of stress and displacement data related to earthquake precursors.     

The Salado River fault: reactivation of an Early Jurassic fault in a transfer zone during Laramide deformation in southern Mexico

The Salado River fault (SRF) is a prominent structure in southern Mexico that shows evidence of reactivation at two times under different tectonic conditions. It coincides with the geological contact between a structural high characterized by Palaeozoic basement rocks to the north, and an ～2000 m thick sequence of marine and continental rocks that accumulated in a Middle Jurassic–Cretaceous basin to the south. Rocks along the fault within a zone up to 150 m across record crystal-plastic deformation affecting the metamorphic basement of the Palaeozoic Acatlán Complex. Later brittle deformation is recorded by both the basement and the overlying Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. Regional features and structural textures at both outcrop and microscopic scale indicate two episodes of left-lateral displacement. The first took place under low-to medium-grade P-T conditions in the late Early Jurassic (180 Ma) based on the interpretation of ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ratios from muscovite within the fault zone; the second occurred under shallow conditions, when the fault served as a transfer zone between areas with differing magnitudes of shortening north and south of the fault. In the southern block, fold hinges were dragged westward during Laramide tectonic transport to the east, culminating in brittle deformation characterized by strike–slip faulting in the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. North of the fault, folds are not well defined, and it is clear that the fold hinges observed in the southern block do not continue north of the fault. Although the orientation and kinematics of the SRF are similar to major Cainozoic shear zones in southern Mexico, our new data indicate that the fault had become inactive by the time of Oligocene volcanism.     

新疆兴地断裂带东段左行走滑位移——来自卫星遥感影像的证据

兴地断裂带近EW向贯穿库鲁克塔格地区,其活动历史地质界有不同认识,但对位移量无系统论述。利用卫星遥感影像解译,在进一步确定断裂带具体位置及几何特征基础上,通过对被错断的泥盆纪阿尔皮什麦布拉克组、石炭纪花岗岩及侵入该花岗岩中的暗色岩墙断距的测量,确定其东段左行走滑位移量为8.26～9.19 km。根据被错断地质体时代,推测这一左行走滑位移代表了该断裂带二叠纪以来总位移量。从泥盆纪开始,该断裂带已不具构造分区作用。     

西藏尼玛北部新生代盆地沉积记录及控盆机理

通过野外地质调查和地层对比,将尼玛北部盆地新生代陆相地层定为牛堡组。根据岩石组合和沉积特征分析,尼玛北部盆地牛堡组可划分为扇三角洲相、湖泊相和冲积扇相。扇三角洲相可进一步划分为扇三角洲前缘和前扇三角洲2种亚相;湖泊相可划分为半深湖—深湖和滨湖—浅湖2种亚相。盆地的演化特征可分为盆地形成初始期、盆地扩张期和盆地萎缩期,3期的演化可分别对应牛堡组的一段、二段和三段。尼玛北盆地发育的各个阶段都跟古气候变化和构造活动有很大的联系,两者共同影响着盆地发育的各个阶段。结合前人的研究资料,认为尼玛盆地的发育时代为早白垩世末期—晚白垩世初。根据盆地边缘相与半深湖—深湖沉积相伴生、牛堡组底部发现火山岩夹层等沉积特征,可以推断尼玛盆地是一个具有走滑拉张性质的盆地。     

燕山中段走滑断裂中辉绿岩脉的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和Ar-Ar年龄

燕山中段东西向走滑断裂的活动时代一直存在争议,对侵入断层中的辉绿岩脉的直接测年可以给出一个年龄上限.侵入密云-喜峰口断裂中的辉绿岩脉的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb和角闪石Ar-Ar测年发现,锆石U-Pb年龄为290～125Ma,没有一个谐和年龄;角闪石Ar-Ar坪年龄为123.5Ma±1.5Ma.Ar-Ar年龄与最年轻的...     

莱州湾西构造带断裂特征及其对油气成藏的控制

受古近纪莱州湾凹陷大规模断陷、郯庐断裂右旋走滑和垦东凸起大规模隆升三方面因素共同作用,莱州湾西构造带断裂系统发育,根据断裂性质及发育规模将断裂划分为3组不同方向的断裂组合,对油气的运移、聚集及保存都产生重要影响。根据莱州湾地区油气成藏规律并结合渤海其他区域近年勘探成果综合分析,莱北1号断层、斜坡区东西向反向正断层和走滑末端雁行式断层三类大规模调节断层对于油气成藏影响作用较大,这三类断层所控制的圈闭也是莱州湾凹陷及围区下一步勘探获得突破的重点区域。     

Evidence for Early Miocene wrench faulting in the Marlborough Fault System,New Zealand: structural implications

Abstract

In New Zealand, the Marlborough strike-slip faults link the Hikurangi subduction zone to the Alpine fault collision zone. Stratigraphic and structural analysis in the Marlborough region constrain the inception of the current strike-slip tectonics.

Six major Neogene basins are investigated. Their infill is composed of marine and freshwater sediments up to 3 km thick; they are characterised by coarse facies derived from the basins bounding relief, high sedimentation rates and asymmetric geometries. Proposed factors that controlled the basins generation are the initial geometry of the strike-slip faults and the progressive strike-slip motion. Two groups of basins are presented: the early Miocene (23 My) basins were generated under wrench tectonics above releasing-jogs between basement faults. The late Miocene (11 My) basins were initiated by halfgrabens tilted along straighter faults during a transtensive stage. Development of faults during Cretaceous to Oligocene times facilitated the following propagation of wrench tectonics. The Pliocene (5 My) to current increasing convergence has shortened the basins and distorted the Miocene array of faults. This study indicates that the Marlborough Fault System is an old feature that connected part of the Hikurangi margin to the Alpine fault since the subduction and collision initiation. © Elsevier, Paris     

雪峰造山带南段靖州盆地成因性质及形成背景

靖州盆地是位于雪峰构造带南段的一个NE向晚三叠世一中侏罗世小型陆相盆地,前人研究提出其为NNE向溆浦-靖州大断裂左行走滑形成的拉分伸展盆地.本文对靖州盆地构造特征、T3-J2沉积和原型盆地特征等进行了系统研究,在此基础上提出该盆地实为挤压类前陆盆地,主要依据有:①沉积物高成熟度以及残留盆地边界与盆地周缘先期地质界线总体协调一致,说明盆地沉积时为挤压挠曲作用下形成的低缓洼地;②沉积物高成熟度和远源特征,指示盆地形成于相对稳定构造环境;③盆地北端T3-J1沉积空间由岩层弯曲下凹提供;沉积物产状变化指示J2盆地受到NW向挤压并产生持续褶皱变形;沉积物特征指示沉积环境西浅东深,进一步暗示J2盆地发展受控于NW向挤压与东缘逆冲块体的重力载荷;④盆缘伸展断裂少见,因挤压形成的小型走滑断裂、逆断裂、共轭剪节理等则多见;⑤从溆浦-靖州断裂走向偏转情况来看,该断裂左行走滑时靖州盆地所处部位应为挤压区而非拉张区.据盆地沉积和构造特征及区域大地构造演化背景,盆地的形成主要与晚三叠世-早侏罗世区域SN向挤压、中侏罗世区域NWW向挤压和NNE向左行走滑有关.     

华北地块南部断裂体系新构造活动特征

根据野外观察、测量与分析,特别是综合华北地块南部断裂体系第四纪活动性质的构造和地貌标志,表明现今华北地块南部NWWNW向断裂活动最为显著,主要表现为左旋走滑性质;在前新生代构造基础上发育的三门峡-鲁山-舞阳断裂带和新构造期发育的新乡-商丘断裂带是具有走滑性质的新生代壳内活动断裂。地球物理资料表明,在介休-新乡-溧阳和巴东-泉州-台湾地震带西北部的深部存在两个NW向构造带,在地幔可能汇聚为一条构造带。综合这些断裂及其所控断陷盆地的展布特征,明确了该区的NE向、NW向及近EW向断裂的运动学关系。即在应力应变基底格局的制约下,两个NW向构造带强烈的左旋走滑拉分运动作用下导致华北地块南部发育拉分盆地,NW向新断裂的形成和先存NNE、NW及近EW向断裂的复活,控制了新生代复杂的断裂或断块构造格局的形成。     

SHRIMP zircon and EPMA monazite dating of granitic rocks from the Maizuru terrane, southwest Japan: Correlation with East Asian Paleozoic terranes and geological implications

Abstract The Maizuru terrane, distributed in the Inner Zone of southwest Japan, is divided into three subzones (Northern, Central and Southern), each with distinct lithological associations. In clear contrast with the Southern zone consisting of the Yakuno ophiolite, the Northern zone is subdivided into the western and eastern bodies by a high-angle fault, recognized mainly by the presence of deformed granitic rocks and pelitic gneiss. This association suggests an affinity with a mature continental block; this is supported by the mode of occurrence, and petrological and isotopic data. Newly obtained sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon U–Pb ages reveal the intrusion ages of 424 ± 16 and 405 ± 18 Ma (Siluro–Devonian) for the granites from the western body, and 249 ± 10 and 243 ± 19 Ma (Permo–Triassic) for the granodiorites from the eastern body. The granites in the western body also show inherited zircon ages of around 580 and 765 Ma. In addition, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) monazite U–Th–total Pb dating gives around 475–460 Ma. The age of intrusion, inherited ages, mode of occurrence, and geological setting of the Siluro–Devonian granites of the Northern zone all show similarities with those of the Khanka Massif, southern Primoye, Russia, and the Hikami granitic rocks of the South Kitakami terrane, Northeast Japan. We propose that both the Siluro–Devonian and Permo–Triassic granitic rocks of the Northern zone are likely to have been juxtaposed through the Triassic–Late Jurassic dextral strike-slip movement, and to have originated from the Khanka Massif and the Hida terrane, respectively. This study strongly supports the importance of the strike-slip movement as a mechanism causing the structural rearrangement of the Paleozoic–Mesozoic terranes in the Japanese Islands, as well as in East Asia.