Miocene Tectonic Evolution from Dextral-Slip Thrusting to Extension in the Nyainqentanglha Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip in the Nyainqentangiha region of Tibet resulted in oblique underthrusting and granite generation in the Early to Middle Miocene, but by the end of the epoch uplift and extensional faulting dominated. The east-west dextral-slip Gangdise fault system merges eastward into the northeast-trending, southeast-dipping Nyainqentangiha thrust system that swings eastward farther north into the dextral-slip North Damxung shear zone and Jiali faults. These faults were took shape by the Early Miocene, and the large Nyainqentangiha granitic batholith formed along the thrust system in 18.3-11.0 Ma as the western block drove under the eastern one. The dextral-slip movement ended at -11 Ma and the batholith rose, as marked by gravitational shearing at 8.6-8.3 Ma, and a new fault system developed. Northwest-trending dextral-slip faults formed to the northwest of the raisen batholith, whereas the northeast-trending South Damxung thrust faults with some sinistral-slip formed to the southeast. The latter are replaced farther to the east by the west-northwest-trending Lhunzhub thrust faults with dextral-slip. This relatively local uplift that left adjacent Eocene and Miocene deposits preserved was followed by a regional uplift and the initiation of a system of generally north-south grabens in the Late Miocene at -6.5 Ma. The regional uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau thus appears to have occurred between 8.3 Ma and 6.5 Ma. The Gulu, Damxung-Yangbajain and Angan graben systems that pass east of the Nyainqentangiha Mountains are locally controlled by the earlier northeast-trending faults. These grabens dominate the subsequent tectonic movement and are still very active as northwest-trending dextral-slip faults northwest of the mountains. The Miocene is a time of great tectonic change that ushered in the modern tectonic regime.     

Miocene Tectonic Evolution from Dextral-Slip Thrusting to Extension in the Nyainqêntanglha Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Dextral-slip in the Nyainqêntanglha region of Tibet resulted in oblique underthrusting and granite generation in the Early to Middle Miocene, but by the end of the epoch uplift and extensional faulting dominated. The east-west dextral-slip Gangdise fault system merges eastward into the north into the dextral-slip North Damxung shear zone and Jiali faults. These faults were took shape system in 18.3-11.0 Ma as the western block drove under the eastern one. The dextral-slip movement ended at ～11 Ma and the batholith rose, as marked by gravitational shearing at 8.6-8.3 Ma, and a new fault system developed. Northwest-trending dextral-slip faults formed to the northwest of the raisen batholith, whereas the northeast-trending South Damxung thrust faults with some sinistral-slip formed to the southeast. The latter are replaced farther to the east by the west-northwest-trending Miocene deposits preserved was followed by a regional uplift and the initiation of a system of generally north-south grabens in the Late Miocene at ～6.5 Ma. The regional uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau thus appears to have occurred between 8.3 Ma and 6.5 Ma. The Gulu, Damxungcontrolled by the earlier northeast-trending faults. These grabens dominate the subsequent tectonic movement and are still very active as northwest-trending dextral-slip faults northwest of the mountains. The Miocene is a time of great tectonic change that ushered in the modern tectonic regime.     

湖南邵阳—郴州北西向断裂左旋走滑暨水口山—香花岭南北向构造成因

湖南大义山断裂属邵阳—郴州NW向断裂的南东段,该断裂南、北两侧发育水口山—香花岭南北向构造带。根据构造变形特征并结合区域构造背景和构造演化分析,确定大义山断裂中新生代至少经历了3次构造活动,从早至晚依次为印支期左旋走滑、燕山期右旋走滑和喜山期(?)左旋走滑。对SN向构造与区域NNE向构造的时代与相互作用关系进行了深入分析,并提出SN向构造成因新认识:由于大义山NW向断裂和香花岭—阳明山NW向断裂在印支运动中产生基底左旋走滑,走滑所派生的近EW向挤压应力场以及走滑所产生的牵引作用,使区域NNE向构造线产生逆时针旋转而形成SN向构造。进一步分析认为,印支期可能为湘东主要NW向断裂在中生代活动最强烈的时期,多条NW向断裂的左旋走滑,可能是雪峰山弧形构造和祁阳“山”字型构造的形成机制之一。     

河西走廊西段及邻区主要断裂（一）-晚新生代逆断层与走滑断层的地震剖面解释

基于地震剖面解释的构造分析表明，河西走廊西段及邻区发育有许多晚第三纪-第四纪的逆断层与走滑断层. 其主要类型有两种:一是与北祁连逆冲推覆作用有关的南倾逆断层，其走向北西，主要分布于北祁连山东北缘及河西走廊西南部地区；二是与阿尔金断裂活动有关的逆断层与走滑断层，主要分布于红柳峡、宽台山——合黎山地区. 这些断层与新生代始新世末期以来印-藏碰撞的远距离效应有关. 它们于晚第三纪开始活动，主要活动于第四纪时期，而且大多目前仍在活动，属于活动性断层，是河西走廊地区地震的潜发因素. 此外，它们还造成了地层的强烈变形，形成了一系列的地貌阶地和河流的水平错移.      

基岩地震动的一个相干函数模型-走滑断层情形h

目前研究地震动空间变化的主要方法是利用密集台阵（如SMART1台阵等）的强震观测记录进行统计分析，由于地震动观测资料的不足，因而缺少基岩及不同场地类别地震动相干函数模型. 本文利用数值方法了模拟理论地震图，进而研究采用震源位错模型的基岩随机地震动的空间变化规律，并考虑震源破裂速度、子源个数、震源深度和介质传播速度等因素的影响. 其具体思路为:首先对应于每个样本，用有限差分数值模拟方法计算弹性半空间近场地震动场，而后对所有样本的计算结果进行统计，给出了一个走滑断层情形下的近场基岩表面及沿基岩竖直方向水平分量地震动的相干函数模型.      

滇中河网特征及其对断层活动的响应

滇中地区作为青藏高原东南缘构造活动最强烈的地区之一,发育了许多活动走滑断裂,并且在该区域上密布着不同级别的河网,为利用河网分析断裂活动提供了有利条件。为揭示滇中河网发育与断裂活动内在联系,本文基于30 m分辨率的SRTM-3数字高程模型(DEM)在ArcGIS环境下提取了滇中地区金沙江、珠江、红河内的20条支流的河流网络,分析其典型的河网参数(分支比和长度比),通过这些比值与Horton定律描述的一般性河流网络进行对比。同时,基于ArcGIS空间分析技术及Matlab程序脚本系统,对这20条河流流域纵剖面进行定量化研究,分析其河道基岩侵蚀力模型,得到S-A拟合图解。结果表明:滇中地区金沙江、珠江、红河中大多数与断裂带重合的高级别河流的支流,河网发育明显地受到了断裂活动的影响;在河道基岩侵蚀力模型S-A拟合图中呈现为上凸和下凹相间排列,这一现象在金沙江流域的各支流最为显著,造成这一现象的原因可能是研究区内的河道主要受走滑断裂控制,当断裂以压扭性为主时,河道的隆升量大于剥蚀量,S-A拟合曲线表现为上凸;当断裂以张扭性为主时,河道的隆升量小于剥蚀量,S-A拟合曲线表现为下凹。通过对河网构造地貌特征的研究可以使我们更好地理解该地区的构造活动特征。     

东濮凹陷构造变形的物理模拟研究

东濮凹陷是一个研究程度较高的含油气区,前人在构造变形研究方面多注重于伸展变形的几何学分析而忽略了形成机制中走滑分量的作用。本文在对区域地质背景和东濮凹陷构造特征分析基础上,设计平、剖面砂箱实验对该凹陷的构造变形进行伸展-走滑模拟研究。结果表明:(1)具走滑性质的断裂组合形成的构造样式更加复杂多样,走滑断层弯曲会产生挤压或伸展分量,在相邻的区域内形成局部的凹陷和隆起,主动盘的不同会形成不同的断裂组合;(2)在区域NNW—SSE向伸展变形下,形成了东濮凹陷两洼一凸的近对称格局,基底深断裂的张扭性开裂加速了凹陷的形成,主断层上、下盘均有明显的活动;(3)受基底断裂活动影响,大约Es~2-Ed沉积期凹陷存在一个明显的右旋走滑变形期,在凹陷的中部隆起带上出现了负花状、火焰状等典型走滑构造样式,走滑变形具有阵发性特点。     

跨越走滑断层黏土地层动力响应离心机试验研究

地震中基岩走滑断层活动引起跨断层地下结构物破坏,上覆土层的非一致响应机制尚不明确,隐伏裂缝影响规律认识不足。基于可模拟走滑断层活动的层状剪切箱,针对黏土地层展开两个离心机振动台试验,对比上覆土体中隐伏裂缝的影响。试验结果表明,当地层中不存在隐伏裂缝时,基岩走滑断层错动对两盘地层的非一致振动的影响不显著。当地层中存在隐伏裂缝,错动盘一侧土体的振动加速度幅值随振动循环次数的增加逐渐减小,固定盘和错动盘两侧土体出现非一致振动响应,固定盘一侧土体产生的超静孔压大于错动盘一侧。隐伏裂缝对土体非一致振动响应的影响范围受限于其在地层中的分布范围,探明隐伏裂缝上断点的埋深具有重要工程意义。