2022年6月1日四川芦山MS6.1地震的发震构造与力学机制探讨

2022年6月1日17时00分08秒（北京时间）四川雅安市芦山县发生M_S6.1地震,此次地震是继2008年汶川M_S8.0、2013年芦山M_S7.0地震后发生在龙门山断裂带的又一显著地震,与后者在空间上仅相距9 km.为揭示此次地震的发震构造特征及其与2013年芦山M_S7.0地震的关系,进而理解龙门山断裂带强震孕育动力学过程与地震危险性,本文采用CAP全波形反演方法计算了芦山M_S6.1地震的震源机制解,利用多阶段定位法对2013年芦山M_S7.0地震以来余震区地震进行了精确定位,并基于库仑应力讨论两次地震的应力触发关系.结果显示,芦山M_S6.1地震的震源机制解为：节面Ⅰ的走向、倾角和滑动角分别为221°、40°和105°;节面Ⅱ的参数为22°、52°和78°,矩心深度14 km,震源机制断层面解呈现一组与龙门山断裂带性质接近的节面.反演给出的P轴方位角为120°,倾角为6°,反映了此次地震主要受NWW-SEE向水平挤压应力作用,与龙门山断裂带南段背景构造应力场一致.地震精定位结果显示芦山M_S6.1地震序列发生在2013年芦山M_S7.0地震发震断层北西侧的一条倾向南东的反冲断层上,据此可判断震源机制解的节面Ⅱ为发震断层面.在此基础上,通过指定发震与接收断层,计算获得2013年芦山M_S7.0地震对此次M_S6.1地震所在断层的最大库仑应力加载值可达1.5 MPa,说明前者对后者有显著的触发作用.

     

东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制

利用2993个浅源地震的地震矩张量解、404个Ｐ波初动方向震源机制解和47个深井孔的孔壁崩落资料,编制了东亚地区现今地壳构造应力场主应力方向和应力类型分布图．按200km的等距格点,算出有资料地区各格点半径为200km范围内的平均应力方向,绘制了平均主应力方向分布图,并绘制了东亚地区的震源机制解分布图．主应力方向分布特征表明,东亚地区的现今构造应力场除受印度 欧亚板块碰撞的强烈影响外,俯冲带的弧后扩张亦有重要影响．喜马拉雅山弧处的大陆碰撞和缅甸山弧处的弧后扩张之联合作用可能形成了青藏高原东南部主应力方向的显著转动．菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块在台湾的碰撞与琉球岛弧弧后扩张的联合作用影响了中国东部的应力场．爪哇海沟俯冲带的弧后大片地区现今没有强震活动,这里的弧后扩张可能是造成东南亚地区物质容易向南运动的因素．青藏高原内部大致以昆仑山为界,北部和东北部是大陆内部的宽阔挤压带,南部和西南部地壳上部主要处于正断层型应力状态中．     

A model test system with a dynamic load device for geotechnical engineering in cold regions

A model test system with a dynamic load device for geotechnical engineering in cold regions is presented. This system consists of a model test tank, a refrigeration device and temperature controller, a dynamic load device, together with sensors and data loggers for detecting stress, deformation, and temperature changes. The system can accommodate soil blocks up to 3 m in length, 2.5 m in width, and 1 m in height. The lowest temperature provided by the refrigeration device is -20 °C. The maximum load provided by the dynamic load device is 100 kN and the vibration frequency of the dynamic load can range from 0.1 to 10 Hz. A number of waveforms, such as sine waves, rectangular waves, triangle waves, and other user-defined waves can be generated by the dynamic load device controller.     

Laplace方程Cauchy问题的一种数值解法

研究了Laplace方程Cauchy问题的数值求解，该问题是一个典型的病态问题。利用格林（Green）公式将Laplace方程的Cauchy问题转化为Hausdorff矩问题。本文利用一种新方法，即矩问题的积分方程方法，求解矩问题，设计了二维Laplace方程Cauchy问题稳定的算法，给出了近似解的误差估计，并对二维Cauchy问题进行了数值模拟。     

基于验后方差估计的稳健整体最小二乘方法

根据整体最小二乘的验后方差估计,求出观测值的验后方差,通过方差检验可找出方差异常大的观测值。然后根据经典权与观测值方差成反比的定义赋予它一个相应小的权进行下一步迭代平差,逐步实现粗差定位。通过坐标转换实验,利用一般最小二乘法(LS)、加权整体最小二乘法(WTLS)以及文中提出的稳健整体最小二乘法(RTLS)分别对待估参数进行求解对比,解算结果表明文中提出的方法能对粗差进行有效的定位,且估计量受粗差影响较小,具有稳健性,估算效果优于其它两种方法。     

郯庐断裂带鲁苏皖段构造应力场及分段特征研究

利用Snoke方法求解和收集得到的77次中小地震的震源机制解资料, 采用Gephart应力张量反演方法, 获得了郯庐断裂带鲁苏皖段构造应力场, 最大主压应力方位角为80°, 最小主压应力方位角为172°, 最大、 中等和最小主压应力倾角分别为15°、 65°和19°, 反映了研究区处于近EW向水平作用和近NS向的水平拉张作用环境下。 根据地震活动、 地质构造及震源机制解差异, 我们将郯庐断裂带鲁苏皖段分5个区段开展研究, 结果显示: 5个分区应力场存在局部差异, 最大主压应力方位角处于63°～88°之间, 从北往南总体方向成顺时针偏转的趋势。 跨郯庐断裂带两侧的应力场研究结果显示, 从西到东最大主压应力方向有一个逆时针偏转的趋势, 西侧最大主压应力方向更接近EW向, 东侧更接近NE向, 郯庐断裂带内处于两侧的过渡地段。     

2014年云南景谷6.6级地震序列震源参数研究

利用290个M_L ≥ 2.5的景谷6.6级地震序列事件的数字波形资料，计算得到其震源参数。结果显示，地震矩M₀数值范围为10¹²~10¹⁶ N·m；拐角频率f_c为3~16 Hz；视应力数值范围为0~15 MPa，平均值是2.14 MPa，中位数为1.39 MPa。同时，各个震源参数之间均存在一定的相关关系；景谷地震序列余震空间分布可分为北段、中段与南段，其视应力高低分布依次为：南段 > 中段 > 北段；表明主震发生后，震源区南段区域的应力水平最高，这可能是后续5.8级\，5.9级强余震均发生在南段的根本原因。在视应力时间变化特征方面，5.8级、5.9级强余震的发生前，震中所在的南段视应力数值存在"逐渐变大-维持稳定"的特点。而后续未发生强余震的北段和中段，其视应力时间变化为早期快速调整，后续逐渐变化到各自区域的视应力均值水平；这类变化表明对于震源区南段，在强余震发生前的短时间内，南段区域首先出现局部应力不断挤压增强，并随后维持相对高值应力水平的"闭锁"状态，直到强余震的发生。因而，震后震源区余震视应力的空间分布对强余震可能产生地点判定有指示作用，其时间变化特征与地震序列中较强地震的发生存在一定的相关性。余震视应力的时空变化对序列后续地震活动的判定有重要指示作用，可为强余震的时空判定提供相应参考。     

Estimation of the Distribution of Global Anthropogenic Heat Flux

The radiance lights data in 2006 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) and authoritative energy data distributed by the United State Energy Information Administration were applied to estimate the global distribution of anthropogenic heat flux.A strong linear relationship was found to exist between the anthropogenic heat flux and the DMSP/OLS radiance data.On a global scale,the average value of anthropogenic heat flux is approximately 0.03 W m 2 and 0.10 W m 2 for global land area.The results indicate that global anthropogenic heat flux was geographically concentrated and distributed,fundamentally correlating to the economical activities.The anthropogenic heat flux concentrated in the economically developed areas including East Asia,Europe,and eastern North America.The anthropogenic heat flux in the concentrated regions,including the northeastern United States,Central Europe,United Kingdom,Japan,India,and East and South China is much larger than global average level,reaching a large enough value that could affect regional climate.In the center of the concentrated area,the anthropogenic heat flux density may exceed 100 W m 2,according to the results of the model.In developing areas,including South America,Central and North China,India,East Europe,and Middle East,the anthropogenic heat flux can reach a level of more than 10 W m 2 ;however,the anthropogenic heat flux in a vast area,including Africa,Central and North Asia,and South America,is low.With the development of global economy and urban agglomerations,the effect on climate of anthropogenic heat is essential for the research of climate change.     

Dynamic Behaviour of a Caisson Quaywall Under Strong Earthquake

—Effective stress analysis is performed to evaluate the residual displacement of a caissonquaywall during 1994 Hokkaido-Toho-Oki Earthquake and 1993 Kushiro-Oki Earthquake.Theconstitutive model used in this study is a multiple shear mechanism type defined in strain space and cantake into account the effect of rotation of principal stress axis.The earthquake accelerations recorded atthe outcropping rock during the earthquake are used as input bedrock motion.The results of finite ele-ment analysis are in good agreement with the observed behaviour of the quaywall.The analysis also indi-cates that liquefaction and high excess pore water pressure have a significant effect on the deformation ofthe caisson.Soil improvement is speculated as the most reliable measures against liquefaction.The influ-ence of soil improvement and the reasonable improved area are discussed in the paper.     

浅论不同应力状态下坝基层间剪切带弹性力学性质

本文以万家寨水利枢纽坝基Ｓｃｊ０８层间剪切带声波测试资料为依据,论述了不同应力状态下、剪切带弹性力学性质变化过程和机理,其成果对坝基施工过程控制和基础稳定性分析具有一定指导意义。