东南亚生物质燃烧对我国霾和降水的影响

基于生物质燃烧排放源清单、地面观测和数值模式对东南亚中南半岛生物质燃烧气溶胶的排放特征,以及其在2020年春季对我国云南地区霾天气和南方前汛期降水过程的影响进行了分析.结果 表明:中南半岛生物质燃烧气溶胶排放主要集中于每年3-4月,排放峰值时段集中于3月下旬至4月上旬,主要排放区域为缅甸东部和老挝北部.中南半岛生物质燃...     

基于卫星观测的我国北方地区紫外吸收性气溶胶的时空分布研究

利用气溶胶指数(Aerosol Index,AI)资料研究了东亚地区紫外吸收性气溶胶的时空分布特征,主要得出以下结论:1)雨云七号卫星(Nimbus 7,N7)和地球探测卫星(Earth Probe,EP)搭载的臭氧总量测绘光谱仪(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer,TOMS)以及臭氧监测仪(Ozone Monitoring Instrument,OMI)反演的AI数据在东亚大陆具有较好的一致性,但EP/TOMS-OMI AI的连续性较好,而N7/TOMS-EP/TOMS AI的连续性较差;2)东亚地区紫外吸收性气溶胶主要位于塔克拉玛干沙漠及其东部周边的库姆塔格、柴达木盆地沙漠、古尔班通古特沙漠、内蒙古中西部、蒙古国南部以及我国东北、华北地区;3)紫外吸收性气溶胶具有明显的月际变化特征;4)旋转正交经验函数分析不仅能分离紫外吸收性气溶胶的源区范围,还能给出源强相对大小的定性信息。     

Particle-size distribution of inorganic water soluble ions in the venezuelan savannah atmosphere during burning and nonburning periods

The results presented are the first complete analysis of inorganic soluble ions in a tropical savannah region. Atmospheric particles were collected in six rural Venezuelan savannah sites. Concentrations and size distribution of NO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2-, CI^–, PO₄ ^3-, NH₄ ⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were determined in samples collected with Hi Vol samplers equipped with five-stage cascade impactors. Concentrations were higher in the dry season, with a maximum during the burning periods. Using Na⁺ as a reference, the results show a deficit of Cl^– and, with the exception of Mg²⁺, an enrichment of all other ions with respect to marine aerosols. Significant variations were observed in particle-size distribution between different periods. Various pairs of ions present similar size distributions: SO₄ ^2- and NH₄ ⁺; Cl^– and Na⁺; PO₄ ^3- and K⁺; Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NO₃ ^–; indicating that the ions were produced by the same source and/or were involved in similar atmospheric processes. Possible primary sources, the gas-to-particle atmospheric process, environmental implication of long-range transport of nutrients during dry seasons, etc., are discussed.     

水泥熟料生产企业CO2直接排放核算模型的建立

为快速掌握区域内全部水泥企业的碳排放情况,在部分企业实际生产数据未知时,也能建立其生产碳排放清单,文中基于熟料生产特征,构建了可根据设备设计产能和运行时长两种参数来核算企业CO2排放的数值模型.以京津冀地区59条典型水泥熟料生产线的生产数据作为统计样本,借助Eviews对生产线的实际产能、熟料烧成煤耗与设计产能间的关系...     

Simulation of Global Hydrogen Levels Using a Lagrangian Three-Dimensional Model

Many previous assessments of the global hydrogen budget have used assumed global averages of temperatures and levels of key reactants to calculate the magnitudes of the various sinks. Dry deposition is by far the largest hydrogen sink but has not been considered in detail in previous estimates of the hydrogen budget. Simulations of hydrogen using a global three-dimensional Lagrangian chemistry-transport model and two different dry deposition schemes were compared with surface measurements. An improved dry deposition scheme which included the effects of soil moisture gave better agreement between the modelled hydrogen levels and surface measurements. The seasonal variation in the hydrogen levels was also simulated much more accurately with the new dry deposition scheme. The model results at high southern latitudes were insensitive to the relative partitioning of the sources between fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. The results indicate a global mean hydrogen dry deposition velocity of 5.3×10^–4 m s^–1 which is lower than the previously used 7×10^–4 m s^–1.     

哈尔滨秋季一次持续性重污染过程分析

利用气象与环境监测数据,结合后向轨迹和秸秆焚烧火点监测资料,从环流形势、气象要素、污染源和污染传输特征等方面,对哈尔滨2017年10月18-20日持续性重污染天气过程进行分析。结果表明：这次重污染过程连续48 h为重度或严重污染,首要颗粒物为PM_2.5,PM_2.5平均浓度为438 μg·m^-3,局地PM_2.5浓度高达1487 μg·m^-3。重污染过程分为两个阶段,每个阶段主要污染物呈双峰分布。在重污染过程中,高空环流平直,浅槽前暖平流占主导地位,地面为弱低压均压场控制。地面风速小,平均风速仅为1.5 m·s^-1,风速≤ 1.5 m·s^-1静小风频率为71%,风场辐合,有利于污染物积聚。在重污染发展的过程中,地面相对湿度（RH）增大有利于颗粒物吸湿增长和污染加剧;在重污染减弱的过程中,PM_2.5浓度减少至每阶段谷值时间比RH减小至谷值时间滞后4-5 h。在边界层内有逆温层顶高为200 m左右、逆温强度>2.0℃·（100 m）^-1的贴地逆温层,层结稳定,垂直扩散条件差。污染物主要来源于秸秆焚烧,其次来源于取暖燃煤。静稳气象条件下本地污染物积累叠加远距离较高浓度的秸秆焚烧污染物输送导致哈尔滨这次重污染过程。     

Oligomerization of levoglucosan by Fenton chemistry in proxies of biomass burning aerosols

Reactions of levoglucosan with produced from Fenton chemistry were studied in solution serving as a proxy for biomass burning aerosols. Two modes of oligomerization (≤2000 u) were observed for reaction times between 1 and 7 days using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF-MS). Single-mass unit continuum mass distributions with dominant −2 u patterns were measured and superimposed by a +176/+162 u oligomer series. This latter oligomer pattern was attributed to a Criegee rearrangement (+14 u) of levoglucosan, initiated by , forming a lactone (176 u). The acid-catalyzed reaction of any ROH from levoglucosan (+162 u) forms an ester through transesterification of the lactone functionality, whereupon propagation forms polyesters. Proposed products and chemical mechanisms are suggested as sources and precursors of humic-like substances (HULIS), which are known to possess a large saccharic component and are possibly formed from biomass burning aerosols (Andreae, Global Biomass Burning, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 3–21, 1991).     

Studying the influence of turbulent mixing on thermonuclear burning regimes during X-ray bursts of neutron stars using the <Emphasis Type="Italic">K</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">ε</Emphasis></Subscript> model

We study the influence of turbulent mixing on the development of thermonuclear flashes in the surface layers of neutron stars. A simple K _ε model that includes various physical processes is used to describe the turbulent processes. In contrast to the widespread mixing-length theory, the K _ε model does not require using additional dimensional parameters, traces the development of turbulence in dynamics, describes the various turbulence development scenarios (gravitational and shear instabilities, convection, semiconvection, etc.) in a unified way, and can be used in multidimensional numerical simulations. Empirical constants of the model are chosen on the basis of experimental data and direct numerical simulations of typical processes. We have used the Era and Tigr-3T software packages to numerically simulate thermonuclear flashes in the accretion-renewable atmospheres of neutron stars. Turbulence is shown to accelerate significantly the transport of released energy to the stellar surface. Mixing equalizes the concentrations of matter components throughout the burning layer and increases the amount of matter involved in the thermonuclear burning during a flash.     

越南红河流域沉积物的镜下碳屑分析实验室处理方法对比研究

本文设计4个不同的实验方法,以越南红河流域原始森林区、河漫滩区和水下三角洲区3个不同沉积环境下的9个样品为实验对象,对镜下碳屑不同的实验室处理方法进行对比研究,实验发现样品用六偏磷酸钠分散法(方法A)和盐酸分散法(方法B)处理后,镜下碳屑形态不易分辨,杂质多,而用氢氟酸处理法(方法C)和附加醋酸酐混合液处理法(方法D),镜下碳屑的形态清晰,杂质少,碳屑数量容易统计,但是方法D中利用醋酸酐与浓硫酸混合液去纤维素与染色过程会使纤维素碳化,结果显示碳屑浓度明显比用前3种方法处理的浓度高。以上实验结果表明方法C是最优的。另外,本研究在进行碳屑统计时,利用NIS­Elements Br 3.0软件的自动统计计数功能,不仅可以减小人为计数产生的误差,还可以实现碳屑的多参数统计,有利于古环境、古气候、古植被变化的多信息解译。     

供热燃煤锅炉清洁生产新工艺

以天津市和河北省某供热中心节能减排改造工程为例,介绍炉内清洁燃烧与炉外烟气净化有机结合的新工艺,达到清洁生产的效果