新疆煤田火烧区特征及防治对策

煤田火烧区的存在，给勘探、建井、开矿带来一定危害。通过对新疆煤田火烧区区域构造和煤层火烧区特征的分析研究，阐明火烧区的主要形成因素，提出了煤田火烧区的防治对策，选用地面物探方法查清火烧区的分布范围和煤层地下燃烧状态。根据煤层高温燃烧区定期观测剖面测定结果，对新疆煤田火烧区储量的损失作了科学的推算，对煤田高温燃烧区灭火方法作简要说明。     

用层次分析法评价草浆造纸废水治理技术

文章用层次分析的方法建立评价禾草帛浆造纸废水治理工艺方案的指标关系。给出了计算方法，并就目前我国应用较多，影响较大的4种式工艺方案。利用层次分析的方法对其各评价指标进行计算。对比，评价，然后求出最优结果，层次分析中所确定的评价禾草帛浆造纸废水治理方案的12个评价指标，全面反映了禾草帛浆造纸废水治理工艺方案的环境效益，经济效益和社会效益等方面的内容，并且用层次分析法计算出的造纸废水治理工艺方案评价指标的权重值，相对比较准确可信，有助于科学决策。     

综合物探手段在煤田灭火中的作用

新疆是煤田火区最严重的地区，每年烧掉煤炭资源1003万t、严重影响着当地的经济发展和生态环境。为此，新疆综合地质勘查队利用综合物探手段，对煤田火烧区进行勘探，探明火区内的地质构造、火区范围及燃烧深度，为煤田开灭火设计及施工提供必要的地质依据.     

Aging of savanna biomass burning aerosols: Consequences on their optical properties

During the FOS-DECAFE experiment at Lamto, Ivory Coast, in January 1991, various ground studies were undertaken simultaneously in order to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of smoke emitted by savanna biomass burning. Here we present sunphotometer ground-based results which allow the measurements of the spectral optical depth between 450 and 850 nm, the atmospheric water vapour content and the particle size distribution spectrum. The carbonaceous content of the savanna biomass burning aerosols is also investigated. This is the first time that the physical characteristics of particles emitted by savanna plumes are obtained from ground-field studies. All the results suggest that a rapid aging of the smoke occurs first hundred metres from the savanna fire èmission source. They show a relationship between the optical properties of smoke and the chemical aging of the aerosols primarily due to particle growth and a loss of organic material relative to the black carbon content.     

Field study of the emissions of methyl chloride and other halocarbons from biomass burning in Western Africa

A field study of trace gas emissions from biomass burning in Equatorial Africa gave methyl chloride emission ratios of 4.3×10^–5±0.8×10^–5 mol CH₃Cl/mol CO₂. Based on the global emission rates for CO₂ from biomass burning we estimate a range of 226–904×10⁹ g/y as global emission rate with a best estimate of 515×10⁹ g/y. This is somewhat lower than a previous estimate which has been based on laboratory studies. Nevertheless, our emission rate estimates correspond to 10–40% of the global turnover of methyl chloride and thus support the importance of biomass burning as methyl chloride source. The emission ratios for other halocarbons (CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃, CCl₄, CH₃CCl₃, C₂HCl₃, C₂Cl₄, F-113) are lower. In general there seems to be a substantial decrease with increasing complexity of the compounds and number of halogen atoms. For dichloromethane biomass burning still contributes significantly to the total global budget and in the Southern Hemisphere biomass burning is probably the most important source for atmospheric dichloromethane. For the global budgets of other halocarbons biomass burning is of very limited relevance.     

Intercomparison of Two Box Models of the Chemical Evolution in Biomass-Burning Smoke Plumes

Results from two independently developed biomass-burning smoke plume models are compared. Model results were obtained for the temporal evolution of two nascent smoke plumes originating from significantly different fire environments (an Alaskan boreal forest and an African savanna). The two smoke plume models differed by 1%–10% for [O₃], with similar differences for NO _x and formaldehyde (relative percent differences). Smaller intermodel differences were observed for the African savanna smoke plume as compared to the plume from the Alaskan boreal fire. Mechanistic differences between the models are heightened for the Alaskan smoke plume due to the higher VOC emission ratios as compared to the African savanna fire. The largest deviations result from the differences in oxidative photochemical mechanisms, with a smaller contribution attributable to the calculation of photolysis frequencies. The differences between the two smoke plume models are significantly smaller than the uncertainties of available photokinetic data or field measurements. Model accuracy depends most significantly on having the fullest possible VOC data, a requirement that is constrained by currently available instrumentation.     

“3S”技术在农作物秸秆焚烧监测中的应用

介绍了“3S”技术在农作物秸秆焚烧监测中应用的一般原理和方法，包括利用RS技术监测焚烧农作物秸秆火点，判定农作物 进入收割期； 利用GIS技术确定卫星遥感监测焚烧农作物秸秆火点的性质和对火点信息进行分析管理； 利用GPS技术指导查找验证火 点的具体位置等。同时，还介绍了国家卫星气象中心近年来采用“3S”技术监测农作物秸秆焚烧的概况。     

基于孔隙面积比的麦秸秆防腐分析及秸秆对粉土抗剪强度的影响

粉土性能不良,需改良后才能在高速公路路基中使用;麦秸秆环保可再生,掺入粉土会起到加筋作用,但自身易被水腐蚀,需防腐后才能使用。本文从孔隙面积比出发,分析聚乙烯醇对秸秆的防腐机理和防腐效果,通过抗拉强度试验分析防腐对秸秆抗拉强度的影响;通过直剪试验分析秸秆对粉土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:聚乙烯醇通过自身防腐性能的发挥、填充麦秸秆孔隙减小吸水通路、在秸秆表面形成保护膜阻隔水分进入来实现防腐,孔隙面积比越小防腐效果越好;试验范围内,麦秸秆的防腐最佳浸泡时间为4 d,防腐剂最佳溶液浓度为10%,此时秸秆孔隙面积比最小,且防腐耗时最短,或经济最优。麦秸秆长度对孔隙面积比的影响主要在4 d内,与最终孔隙面积比关系不大。防腐麦秸秆抗拉强度提高。秸秆加筋土的黏聚力随秸秆掺量、麦秸秆长度的增加先增大后减小,最优掺量范围为0.4%～0.6%,最优秸秆长度为15 mm;内摩擦角随着秸秆掺量的增加略有增加,但增幅很小,不同长度下无明显规律。     

Intact ash and charred litter reduces susceptibility to rain splash erosion post‐wildfire

This paper describes the changes in soil water repellency and soil hydrological and erosional responses to rainfall at small‐plot scale, arising from a prescribed fire immediately following burning and one year later in a Mediterranean heathland in the area of the Strait of Gibraltar (southern Spain). Very little research has been carried out about the modifications on the ground surface after fire immediately after burning. A prescribed fire was conducted to study short‐term changes of the ground surface immediately and one year following burning. After a prescribed fire, a homogeneous charred litter layer and ash‐bed covered the mineral soil surface. This cover stayed stable on the soil surface during a period of seven days, until strong winds redistributed litter and ashes. The hydrophobicity of the exposed surface (litter and ashes) decreased considerably in relation with the litter layer properties before the fire. Ponding, runoff coefficients and soil loss were determined using simulated rainfall over the litter layer, the ash‐bed and the bare soil. Significant differences were not detected between pre‐ and post‐fire soil loss rates while a charred litter and thick ash layer were present on the ground surface. Runoff and erosion rates increased and time to ponding and runoff decreased when the charred litter and ash layers were artificially removed and the bare soil was exposed. Although wildfires will increase soil erodibility, the trends observed in this study suggest that this increased susceptibility to erosion from rainsplash processes may be limited to some degree while an intact ash and charred litter layer is still present. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

秸秆还田对岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤酶活性影响的对比研究

通过室内模拟试验,研究了岩溶区棕色石灰土与非岩溶区红壤对玉米秸秆有机物料降解过程中土壤pH值、秸秆降解率和酶活性的变化特征。结果表明:秸秆降解期间,土壤pH值在前期有下降的趋势,后期慢慢回升;秸秆降解速度最快主要集中在降解最初30 d,之后呈缓慢上升趋势,到98d 基本达到平衡,降解速度大大减慢;过氧化氢酶的变化不明显,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性都在不同程度上呈现"前期上升,中期下降,后期上升" 的变化趋势。因素比较结果表明: 除蛋白酶的活性是非岩溶区的大于岩溶区外,其它的基本上都是岩溶区的大于非岩溶区;从降解率来看也是岩溶区的要稍高于非岩溶区。由此认为,秸秆在岩溶区土壤中的降解作用比非岩溶区更强。