THE NONPARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND MULTIPLE COMPARISONS PROCEDURES IN GEOGRAPHY*

Geographers employing the parametric F statistic in analyses of variance should consider that it can be highly sensitive to departures from normality. The Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests offer geographers nonparametric alternatives to the analysis of variance, for k dependent and independent samples respectively. Associated with the tests are little known methods for examining ordered alternatives and making multiple comparisons between samples, thereby permitting in-depth analysis of sample data. Both tests and these latter procedures are illustrated by examples drawn from population and urban retailing geography.     

ISSUES ON CHINA′S ENERGY SECURITY

Energysupplyisadeterminantfactor to the developmentand the prosperity of a modern society. China is one ofthe largest energy consumers andproducersin the world,and energy supply and its security in the country aregreat issues concerned not onlybytheChina …     

Local Governance for Social Sustainability: equity as a strategic response to neoliberal constraints in food security initiatives

Scholarly literature recognises the importance of social sustainability as part of the wider sustainability agenda. A wide array of concepts such as equity, social justice, democratic government, social inclusion, social capital and quality of life are thought to constitute social sustainability. Local governments are charged with delivering social programs and services to their constituency, but market logics and performance-based institutional cultures, along with limited authority and funding, constrain their capacity to respond to new initiatives. We analyse two case studies in Victoria, Australia, to explore how elements of social sustainability are articulated and operationalised within local government. Each case study involved State-level and local government partnerships in health-promotion initiatives to improve food security. Analysis was conducted on 50 primary policy documents, 22 secondary data documents and 27 interviews. Findings reveal that a systems-based or integrated approach to social sustainability was not workable but not completely ineffective. Equity was prioritised by local government in both case studies, and well acknowledged as interconnected with other social goals. Although constrained in its capacity to deliver new initiatives, local government responded to neoliberalising ideologies, as well as its constituency, by strategically focusing on a particular goal, such as equity.     

基于战略性新兴产业的长江三角洲城市网络结构演变研究

基于2004~2013年战略性新兴产业上市公司跨区布址数据,运用社会网络分析法对长江三角洲城市群空间结构演变规律进行了分析。研究发现：① 长江三角洲城市网络的主要联系流由 “Z”字形空间结构演变为“金字塔”形结构。② 高行政级别城市在网络要素资源配置中占据主导地位,省会城市的中介能力呈现“倒U”型发展趋势。③ 沪杭宁甬苏合6城市构成了长三角城市网络的核心层,核心-边缘层联系成为占据主导地位的联系方式;城市网络凝聚子群具有明显的地理粘着性,沪宁和杭州凝聚子群分别是群内联系和群际联系的标杆。     

Quantitative Analysis of Mineral Resources for Strategic Planning: Implications for Australian Geological Surveys

A quantitative valuation study has been made of Australian state surveys with the specific goals of (1) establishing the 'worth' of current programs upgrading state government geoscientific information infrastructure, and (2) considering the results of the valuation in terms of strategic planning. The study has been done from the perspective of the community as a whole and has been undertaken in two phases reflecting the different objectives of Australian state surveys in terms of the exploration industry and government policy-making. This paper reports on the second part of this valuation process, measuring the impact of upgraded survey data on government mineral policy decision processes. The valuation methodology developed is a comparative approach used to determine net benefit foregone by not upgrading information infrastructure. The underlying premise for the geological survey study is that existing and upgraded data sets will have a different probability that a deposit will be detected. The approach used in the valuation of geoscientific data introduces a significant technical component with the requirement to model both favorability of mineral occurrence and probability of deposit occurrence for two different generations of government data. The estimation of mineral potential uses modern quantitative methods, including the U.S. Geological Survey three-part resource-assessment process and computer-based prospectivity modeling. To test the methodology mineral potential was assessed for porphyry copper type deposits in part of the Yarrol Province, central Queensland. Results of the Yarrol case study supports the strategy of the state surveys to facilitate effective exploration by improving accuracy and acquiring new data, as part of resource management. It was determined in the Yarrol Province case study that in going from existing to upgraded data sets the area that would be considered permissible for the occurrence of porphyry type deposits almost doubled. The implication of this result is that large tracts of potentially mineralized land would not be identified using existing data. Results of the prospectivity modeling showed a marked increase in the number of exploration targets and in target rankings using the upgraded data set. A significant reduction in discovery risk also is associated with the upgraded data set, a conclusion supported by the fact that known mines with surface exposure are not identified in prospectivity modeling using the existing data sets. These results highlight the absence in the existing data sets of information critical for the identification of prospective ground.Quantitative resource assessment and computer-based prospectivity modeling are seen as complementary processes that provide the support for the increasingly sophisticated needs of Australian survey clients. Significant additional gains to the current value of geoscientific data can be achieved through the in-house analysis and characterization of individual data sets, the integration and interpretation of data sets, and the incorporation of information on geological uncertainty.     

我国战略石油储备船概念设计研究

阐述了建立我国战略石油储备的必要性，对国外石油储备状况及储备方式做了简要介绍。从我国国情出发，提出了80万m^3浮式钢结构储油船方案设计，建立了储油船整船有限元模型，利用全船三维有限元结构分析技术进行了油舱的分舱设计，供超大型储油船设计时参考。     

矿床成矿系列与成矿预测研究新进展——“《中国矿产地质志》‘成矿系列与找矿方向’”专辑特邀主编寄语

《中国矿产地质志》系列志书由全国600多家单位、4000多名地质工作者, 历时十多年编纂而成, 计划出版200多套志书、150余套附图, 全面记录我国180余种矿产、7万余处矿产地的矿产勘查成果和成矿规律, 实现我国已发现矿种、矿产地和国域面积的三个全覆盖。该志书填补了历史空白, 具有划时代的里程碑意义。该套志书是在“矿床的成矿系列”(简称“成矿系列”)理论思想指导下开展研编的, 厘定了地球系统演化各个时空域中矿种全覆盖的矿床成矿系列, 构建了全国94个成矿带和31个省区市的区域成矿谱系, 在此基础上构建了时间域、空间域及成矿作用紧密结合的成矿体系, 并进一步应用成矿系列的“全位成矿、缺位找矿”的预测思维开展了全矿种的成矿预测。在《地球学报》编辑部的大力支持下, 主动服务于新一轮找矿突破战略行动, 我们从全国、省域、成矿区带等不同尺度, 选取12篇论文, 组成“《中国矿产地质志》‘成矿系列与找矿方向’”专辑, 对铁、金、稀有、稀土、稀散、磷等战略性矿产等进行了系统总结和分析, 旨在为新一轮找矿突破战略行动中找矿工作选区和部署提供科技支撑, 促进国内重要矿产资源的勘查开发, 增储上产。     

科学找矿工作的探索——兼述战略性矿产找矿工程

科学找矿是发现矿床和矿产勘查过程的总称, 在我国已探索了四十余年。它是应用当代有效的成矿学理论, 从各类资料和数据(地、物、化、遥)中提取信息, 研究区域成矿规律, 圈定不同级别的成矿区带(I—V级), 在成矿信息浓集区带或地段, 述明潜在矿床的地质条件, 判定矿床类型, 指明寻找未发现矿床的标志, 部署矿产勘查后进而发现了矿床, 公认它是矿产勘查学科各环节有机联系的系统流程。科学找矿引领地质找矿的重大突破, 促进矿产勘查工作的现代化。我国已通过矿产区划构建了科学找矿内容的基本格架, 在“新一轮固体矿产普查”、“矿产勘查跨世纪工程”、“矿产资源调查评价”和“找矿突破战略行动纲要”(又称“三五八”行动纲要)的实践中进行探索。获取的找矿成果证明, 科学找矿要以矿床成矿系列、矿产预测理论和成矿信息为指导; 矿产远景区划、地质资料的数据处理和提取成矿信息、编制矿产预测和矿床勘探系列图件是手段; 研究典型矿床, 建立区域的和矿床的成矿模式、总结区域成矿规律、圈定矿产预测远景区和找矿靶区、部署矿产勘查工作是发现矿床的科学支撑; 矿产勘查有效机制将科学找矿各个环节的内容实现有机联接, 组成获取找矿和矿床勘探成果的基本段, 概括为“三项理论”、“二个系统”、“二项技术”, 直至今日, 探索工作已获得很好的找矿效果。在未来的“战略性矿产找矿行动(2021—2035年)”实施过程中, 用科学找矿的思路构建矿产勘查新格局。     

基于多元资料的成都市2049远景发展战略规划气候可行性论证

配合2015年成都市2049远景发展战略规划编制,利用成都市气象和空气质量观测数据、卫星遥感、地理信息及城市规划土地利用资料,对该市风、热/冷环境和大气环境进行计算分析,结果表明:①成都市主导风向为NE,年平均风速为1.2m/s,静风频率高达34%,冬季风速最小。市域内风速总体呈东北向西南递减趋势,西部沿龙门山岷江口和湔江口为市域2处主要通风口。21世纪00年代城市集中区风速较20世纪80、90年代显著减少,NE和NW风向上减少可达0.5m/s。②该市较强等级以上热岛面积由1992年的53.6km~2发展至2014年的798km~2,且热岛中心呈现多极化。高级别生态冷源集中于龙门山和龙泉山,大规模城市扩张与沿山坡耕地是热/冷环境恶化的重要原因。③成都大气环境状况不佳,空气污染程度呈现城区—近郊—远郊递减特征。2007—2014年城区PM10和NO2平均浓度分别为0.116mg/m~3和0.054mg/m~3,均未达国家环境空气质量二级标准。④绘制了成都市城市气候分析图,并结合实地调查、土地利用现状以及发展诉求,形成了城市规划气候建议图,将全市划分为6类规划分区,明确了对气候影响程度不同的各类空间,进而为成都市2049远景发展战略规划提出了气候可行性建议。     

Power and changes in the balance between ideology and pragmatism in the right wing Likud Party

When the Zionist executive abandoned Jewish rights to Trans-Jordanian Palestine, Jabotinsky established the Revisionist movement from which Etzel the Jewish right-wing underground movement in Palestine developed. This was the precursor of the Herut (Freedom) Party, from which the Likud party emerged in September 1973 to challenge the Labour Alignment (headed by the Israel Labour Party). Between the War of Independence (1948) and the signature of the Camp David accords (1978), the Government of Israel came under strong international pressure to solve the problem of the Arab refugees. During this time, dramatic changes took place in Herut's ideology and political status. In 1948, Herut was an outcast political party with a radical ideology, demanding the establishment of a Jewish Commonwealth on both sides of the Jordan. It perceived the Arab refugees to be a potential fifth column and the contiguous Arab states to be inimical. It strenuously opposed the Mapai led political Establishment's willingness to sign Armistice Agreements and make compromises with regard to Arab refugees. After Levi Eshkol replaced Ben-Gurion as the head of Mapai, Herut began to become part of the Israeli consensus and a member of the political Establishment. Herut served in Levy Eshkol's National Crisis Government before and during the 1967 war, and as the major force of Gahal, after the war. Concomitant with this, there were great changes in Herut's expressed ideology, chief among these were the tacit renunciation of trans-Jordan Palestine as part of the Jewish Commonwealth and the explicit acceptance of the Arab refugees as potential citizens of the State of Israel.