小冰期以来敦德冰芯中微粒含量与沙尘暴及气候的关系

Determination of microparticles, including >2.0 μm, 2.0～2.5 μm and >5.04 μm in diameter, since the Little Ice Age in the Dunde ice core is presented. Three increasing and three decreasing periods are distinguished since 1400 AD. Among them, the greatest one was from the end of the 17th Century to the early 18th Century. Microparticle concentration variation corresponds to climate change. The higher the microparticle concentration is, the colder and drier the climate is; the lower the microparticle concentration is, the warmer and wetter the climate is. A comparison of microparticle concentration and sand-dust storm frequency indicates that there exits a good relationship. Most of the material deposited on the Dunde ice cap is thought to have originated in the surrounding arid and semi-arid areas, probably transported into the Qilian Mountains by sand-dust storms. When microparticle concentration appears in special values, sand-dust storms would happen.     

The formation and closure of the Big Breach of Sacalin spit associated with extreme shoreline retreat and shoreface erosion

We document a case of exceptionally large natural breaching of a sandy spit (Sacalin spit, Danube Delta) using multiannual to seasonal surveys of topography and bathymetry on successive cross-barrier and shoreface profiles, LiDAR data, satellite imagery, and wind and wave data. The large breach, which quickly reached 3.4 km in May 2014, is attributed to morphological preconditioning of the narrow (50–150 m) barrier, which was susceptible to breaching even during moderate storm conditions. The event switched the barrier's decadal evolution from low cross-shore transport to high cross-shore transport over the barrier, which is an order of magnitude larger than during the non-breach period. Upper shoreface erosion, as indicated by the extensive erosion down to −4 m, indicates that this zone is a significant source for the rebuilding of the barrier. Barrier recovery and widening trigger a negative feedback which limits the back-barrier sediment transfer. As a result, back-barrier deposition decreases whilst the barrier aggradation through overwash becomes more frequent. The Big Breach (TBB) closed naturally in three years. The very high deposition rate of sediment in the breach is a testimony of the high sediment volumes supplied by the longshore transport and the high sediment released through shoreface retreat, and resulted in widening the barrier to a maximum of 1 km. Since the newly-formed barrier shoreline retreated 500 m, this reveals that barrier breaching is an important mechanism which significantly accelerates the landward migration of the barrier system and is a proof of the highly non-linear morphodynamics involved in the barrier island translation. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长江口南汇边滩冲淤变化规律与机制

根据1842—2004年海图资料分析发现,南汇边滩存在近百年尺度的强烈冲刷—淤积旋回。长江主泓走南港或北港是造成冲刷期"北滩、东滩淤积,南滩、过渡带冲刷"或淤积期冲淤态势反相的主要原因;冲刷期内风暴强度和频数明显多于淤积期,造成冲刷期滩面叠置记忆的是暴风浪成因的"高滩冲刷、低滩淤积"的冲淤态势,而淤积期保存的是弱风浪成因的"高滩淤积、低滩冲刷"叠置增强的剖面特征。尽管三角洲整体冲淤态势的转变主要受流域来沙量的控制,但不同岸段受河口河势分水分沙作用、潮流和波浪等共同作用,明显存在此冲彼淤、冲淤动态调整等特征。已有的入海泥沙含量阈值研究以点代面或以局部代整体,这是造成阈值估算偏高的主要原因。2003年三峡水库开始蓄水后平均年输沙量154 Mt/a已低于低阈值184 Mt/a,但三角洲尚未如预测那样发生由净淤积向净侵蚀的转变。已有的河口水文观察资料显示,水体含沙量也未发生明显下降,这可能是潮控型三角洲潮流对泥沙在河口的再分配起主导作用,并可能由此延长三角洲冲淤转变对入海泥沙量减少的滞后。今后需进一步加强潮控型河口复杂过程的综合研究,提高对泥沙含量阈值估算和应对可能面临的海岸侵蚀及其相关的环境地质灾害的能力。     

热带风暴中波动特征的研究进展和问题

在分析热带风暴眼壁和螺旋雨带中尺度波动特征最新研究的基础上，指出这些研究所忽略的问题，其中包括重力惯性波和涡旋Rossby波波解存在的前提条件和约束、理论分析与观测研究存在的差异等。提出一种基于准平衡动力条件下，热带风暴内中尺度扰动涡散运动共存时，区别于标准模混合的不可分的混合涡旋Rossby-重力惯性波，并讨论了位涡守恒条件下这一类不可分混合波的可能成波机制。利用高分辨率的模式大气资料，采用非对称波分量的分解方法分析了Bonnie飓风中的中尺度波动特征，结果表明，热带风暴中1波型扰动既具有涡旋波性质，但也存在散度扰动的变化，而2波型扰动则体现了明显的不可分混合波的特性。     

近50年北京的沙尘天气及治理对策

2000年春天北京出现多次沙尘天气,多为扬沙和浮尘。从北京50a的沙尘天气观测资料分析:① 71%为扬沙,浮尘和沙尘暴分别占20%和9%,沙尘为就地起沙,而沙尘暴和浮尘则来自内蒙古高原中部农牧交错地区;②风沙天气是呈波动式减少的,其中可以分出4个11~14a的周期性变化,2000年,进入新的一轮变化周期,这一轮的风沙天气仍以扬沙为主,沙尘暴强度很弱。从过去的变化规律看,至少在未来的4~5a之内,不会发生类似去年沙尘天气猛增的现象。继续绿化首都的环境,减少就地起沙;在沙尘暴和浮尘源区划定旱作农业北界,科学地实施"退耕还林还草"是解决北京风沙问题的关键。     

黄土高原地区沙尘暴形成的自然地理因素:Ⅰ影响因素分析

以黄土高原地区227个县的资料为基础,研究了沙尘暴的发生频率与自然地理因子之间的关系。研究表明,沙尘暴的发生频率与自然地理因子密切相关,年降水量越大,地表物质可蚀性越小,大风日数越少,年均风速越小,年均沙尘暴日数越少。     

2012年3月新疆大范围暴雨雪天气诊断分析

2012年3月18-22日新疆出现了春季寒潮、大范围雨雪风沙天气,本文应用常规气象资料和NCEP1oX1o格点资料,从南北疆暴雨雪落区预报角度出发,诊断分析了乌鲁木齐周围暴雪、南疆西部山区持续暴雪和南疆西部多次明显降雨的高低空环流配置、热动力条件和水汽条件,初步归纳了上述雨雪落区的预报思路及其相应的预报指标。     

冀中南一次强对流暴雨的数值模拟

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料和常规资料对2009年5月发生在河北中南部的强对流暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟。低空700 hPa流场的中尺度扰动和涡度场的加强说明：发生在河北中南部的短时强对流暴雨与东北回流密切相关 ,低空东北风的辐合,使地转平衡遭到破坏,从而引发水平辐合和辐散及铅直运动,在地转适应过程中,700 hPa中尺度环流偶在河北中南部形成并加强,对应的正负涡度对也出现并增大,使辐合上升运动增强,强对流暴雨出现在辐合场和辐散场之间区域。高空急流中心右前侧辐合导致气流下沉,向南的一支引起低空北风加大。加强的东北回流与低空较强偏南气流在河北南部相遇,耦合上升。可见,垂直环流的形成及东北回流的加强是此次强对流暴雨产生的重要原因。     

磁暴活动与云南新一轮地震活跃期分析

对通海地磁台记录的磁暴(K指数≥5)年频次分析发现,磁暴活动的周期有强弱之分,与云南省地震活跃期和平静期对比分析看到,磁暴活动较强的周期时段与云南地震的活跃期相对应,磁暴活动较弱的周期时段与云南地震活动平静期相对应.目前,云南地震平静期已持续15年,即将进入第Ⅴ活跃期,大震发生的危险逐日增强.磁暴发生的数目和太阳活动有...