Chemical Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols During Dust Storms over Xi＇an in China

Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols including CC (carbonate carbon), OC (organic carbon), and EC (elemental carbon) were investigated at Xi'an, China, near Asian dust source regions in spring 2002. OC varied between 8.2 and 63.7 μg m-3, while EC ranged between 2.4 and 17.2 μ m-3 during the observation period. OC variations followed a similar pattern to EC and the correlation coeflcient between OC and EC is 0.89 (n=31). The average percentage of total carbon (TC, sum of CC, OC, and EC) in PM2.5 during dust storm (DS) events was 13.6%, which is lower than that during non-dust storm (NDS) periods (22.7%). CC, OC, and EC accounted for 12.9%, 70.7%, and 16.4% of TC during DS events, respectively. The average ratio of OC/EC was 5.0 in DS events and 3.3 in NDS periods. The OC-EC correlation (R2=0.76, n=6) was good in DS events, while it was stronger (R2=0.90, n=25) in NDS periods. The percentage of water-soluble OC (WSOC) in TC accounted for 15.7%, and varied between 13.3% and 22.3% during DS events. The distribution of eight carbon fractions indicated that local emissions such as motor vehicle exhaust were the dominant contributors to carbonaceous particles. During DS events, soil dust dominated the chemical composition, contributing 69% to the PM2.5 mass, followed by organic matter (12.8%), sulfate (4%), EC (2.2%), and chloride (1.6%). Consequently, CC was mainly entrained by Asian dust. However, even in the atmosphere near Asian dust source regions, OC and EC in atmospheric dust were controlled by local emission rather than the transport of Asian dust.     

EXPERIMENTS TO TRACK STORMS USING MODERN OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS

Storm identification and tracking based on weather radar data are essential to nowcasting and severe weather warning. A new two-dimensional storm identification method simultaneously seeking in two directions is proposed, and identification results are used to discuss storm tracking algorithms. Three modern optimization algorithms (simulated annealing algorithm, genetic algorithm and ant colony algorithm) are tested to match storms in successive time intervals. Preliminary results indicate that the simulated annealing algorithm and ant colony algorithm are effective and have intuitionally adjustable parameters, whereas the genetic algorithm is unsatisfactorily constrained by the mode of genetic operations. Experiments provide not only the feasibility and characteristics of storm tracking with modern optimization algorithms, but also references for studies and applications in relevant fields.     

Three-dimensional variational data assimilation of WindSat ocean surface winds for the genesis and forecasting of tropical storm Henri

With available high-resolution ocean surface wind vectors retrieved from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratorys WindSat on Coriolis, the impact of these data on genesis and forecasting of tropical storm Henri is examined using the non-hydrostatic, fifth-generation mesoscale model (MM5) of Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research plus its newly released three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system. It is shown that the assimilation of the WindSat-retrieved ocean surface wind vectors in the 3DVAR system improves the model initialization fields by introducing a stronger vortex in the lower troposphere. As a result, the model reproduces the storm formation and track reasonably close to the observations. Compared to the experiment without the WindSat surface winds, the WindSat assimilation reduced an error between the model simulated track and observations of more than 80 km and also improved the storm intensity by nearly 2 hPa. It suggests that these data could provide early detection and prediction of tropical storms or hurricanes.     

雷暴云首次放电前两种非感应起电参数化方案的比较

在三维强风暴动力-电耦合数值模式中分别引入两种基于不同实验室结果的非感应起电参数化方案S91和SP98, 对比分析了一次雷暴单体首次放电前, 利用两种方案模拟得到的非感应电荷转移区域、极性、量级和电荷结构的演变特征, 及其与有效液态水、温度、粒子分布和对流之间的关系。结果表明, S91中, 起电区域逐渐由高温、高有效液水区向低温、低有效液水区转移。电荷转移量快速增加, 且由以正极性为主过渡为以负极性为主。电荷结构由偶极性转变到三极性。SP98中, 淞附增长率的大值区范围较大, 霰以携带正电荷占绝对优势, 易形成反极性的电荷结构, 但有进一步转变为三极性的趋势。两种方案的共同点表现为: 电荷层较高, 位于对流区上部及雷暴移动方向前侧出流区; 正电荷转移多发生在高有效液态水(或淞附增长率)和高温区, 负电荷转移都发生在低有效液态水(或淞附增长率)和低温区; 转移电荷的正中心均位于霰的累积区中心, 负中心易出现在冰晶和霰共存区的中心。     

MODIS沙尘暴判识方法与业务系统

为了利用MODIS资料对沙尘暴的范围和强度进行定量判识,应用2002--2004年多次MODIS资料,通过对沙尘暴、云、雪和沙漠光谱特征的分析,构建了定量判识沙尘暴范围和强度的两个沙尘指数.利用2002-2007年数次沙尘暴过程对沙尘指数的判别效果进行检验,表明构建的两个M()DIS沙尘指数能够有效地监测沙尘暴的范围和强度,且方法简单,适用于业务应用.针对目前西北沙尘暴遥感监测业务服务以定性图像为主,服务产品较为单一的问题,对MODIS沙尘暴判识方法进行业务化,并结合GIS进行沙尘暴影响范围的分析,开发研制了自动运行的MODIS沙尘暴监测和影响评估业务系统.系统具生成沙尘暴MODIS影像图、沙尘暴范围和强度遥感监测图、沙尘暴影响土地类型图、全国各省(直辖市)沙尘面积统计表、全国不同土地类型沙尘暴影响面积统计表、甘肃省各县沙尘暴的影响面积统计表和甘肃省不同土地类型沙尘影响面积统计表等功能,为沙尘暴定量和精细服务提供了丰富的产品.     

登陆热带风暴Bilis（2006）暴雨特征及其可能原因

利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°格点再分析资料、FY-2C TBB（black bright temperature）资料及中国740站降水资料,对0604号强热带风暴Bilis登陆后的暴雨特征及其可能原因进行诊断分析,结果表明：（1）Bilis登陆过程中强降水中心位于风暴中心西北侧沿岸,主要影响福建和浙江两省;进入内陆后强降水中心向风暴中心以西转移,最后在风暴中心西南侧聚集,主要影响广东东北部、福建、江西和湖南南部。（2）西北太平洋副热带高压的稳定少动为Bilis陆上西行过程中产生持续性降水提供了稳定的背景场。（3）Bilis西南部季风环流的发展增强为Bilis登陆后强降水的产生提供了必要的水汽条件。（4）涡合并和自激增长形成的中尺度系统与风暴涡旋的相互作用,是Bilis登陆后产生强降水的可能机制。     

风暴生命史雷达特征量反演

从风暴演变各阶段物理特征出发, 基于多普勒雷达观测的三维反射率因子, 定义物理量———单体重力势能。结果表明:单体重力势能是一个能够简洁、客观描述风暴单体整体强度的物理量; 利用该物理量可描述单体生命史为发展和减弱两个基本过程; 单体重力势能大小有助于辨别风暴类型和强度。同时, 生成和分析了风暴单体演变各阶段的反射率因子垂直廓线, 分析表明:在30~150 km的雷达观测范围内, 风暴单体的反射率因子垂直廓线 (降水廓线) 及其随时间的变化能较好地揭示风暴的垂直结构和生命史演变特征, 但没有用重力势能那样简洁。     

中国北方沙尘灾害特点及其下垫面状况的遥感监测

2000年春季,中国北方地区多次受到沙尘灾害的影响,对生产、生活活动造成了多方面的不利影响。采用遥感和GIS技术进行沙尘灾害的过程监测、空间特点分析和下垫面状况分析是一个有效的技术方法,通过对沙尘灾害发生、发展的环境条件的了解,可以减轻沙尘天气的危害、防治等一系列决策措施的制定、实施提供客观、及时的空间信息,有助于制定和实施区域生态环境保护措施,以便减少沙尘天气的次数和减轻灾害性天气的危害程度。     

中国春季沙尘暴的趋势变化及年代际变化

利用奇异谱分析等方法,对北疆等7个区春季1960—2000年的沙尘暴日数的趋势和周期进行了初步分析,结果表明：除北疆区未表现出明显的趋势外,南疆区等其它6个区春季沙尘暴日数变化总的趋势是减少的,都是在20世纪60年代和70年代偏多,80年代沙尘暴开始减少,90年代最少;其中南疆区、河西区和东北区的年代际变化最为明显,大约是80年代初开始沙尘暴明显减少,其它几个区的年代际变化不是很明显。南疆等大部分地区春季的沙尘暴日数在70年代末和80年代初发生了由多到少的转变,基本上与北半球大气环流的调整同步,这可能是对大气环流调整的响应;除西藏区有7．7年的周期外,其它6个区的周期基本上都集中在准2年和5～6年两个周期段。     

Long-Lived Microbursts in the Decimetric Wavelength Range and Their Connection with Noise Storms

In the present work a statistical analysis of long-lived microbursts (MBs) in the decimetric wavelength range was performed for the first time. Long-lived microbursts at decimetric wavelengths were observed with one-dimensional scans on the RATAN-600 radio telescope in intensity and circular polarization with a sensitivity of about 5 – 10 Jy. MBs have fluxes in the range of 0.001 – 0.1 s.f.u. and polarization degrees of 10 – 100%, and the duration of individual bursts is about 1 – 2 s. Microbursts and background sources exist for several days and appear at the sites of prolonged energy release. In this work MBs were compared with noise storms (NSs) in the metric wavelength range. Our analysis shows with high confidence that MBs are manifestation of NSs in the decimetric wavelength range. The reason for the significant difference in flux between MBs and NSs could be because MBs (unlike NSs) are related to incoherent generation of Langmuir waves. The nature of the MB emission is similar to the smoothly varying (background) emission of the NSs, butthe MB emission is impulsive because of the high rate of pitch-angle diffusion.