Atmospheric pollution assessment near potential source of natural aerosols in the South Gobi Desert region,China

ABSTRACT

Rapid economic growth, a high degree of urbanization and the proximity of a large number of desert and semidesert landscapes can have a significant impact on the atmosphere of adjacent territories, leading to high levels of atmospheric pollution. Therefore, identifying possible sources of atmospheric pollution is one of the main tasks. In this study, we carried out an analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of five main atmospheric pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, and CO) near potential source of natural aerosols, affecting seven cities (Wuhai, Alashan, Wuzhong, Zhongwei, Wuwei, Jinchang, Zhangye), located in immediate proximity to the South Gobi deserts. The results, obtained for the period from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018, demonstrate total concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ are 38.2 ± 19.5 and 101 ± 80.7 μg/m³ exceeding the same established by the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CNAAQS), being 35 and 70 μg/m³, respectively. Based on the data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the whole period, Clean Сontinental (71.49%) and Mixed (22.29%) types of aerosols prevail in the region. In the spring and winter seasons maximum concentrations of pollutants and high values of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in the region atmosphere are observed. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ ratio shows the presence of coarse aerosols in the total content with value 0.43. The highest concentrations of pollutants were in the period of dust storms activity, when PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ content exceeded 200 and 1000 µg/m³, and AOD value exceeded 1. UV Aerosol Index (UVAI), Aerosol Absorbing Optical Depth (AAOD), and Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), obtained from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), demonstrate the high content of dust aerosols in the period of sandstorms. Analysis of backward trajectories shows that dust air masses moved from North to Northwest China, affecting large deserts such as Taklamakan, Gurbantunggut, Badain Jaran, Tengger, and Ulan Buh deserts.     

副高异常偏西背景下西北一次漏报的雷暴大风中尺度分析*

摘要：利用西安多普勒天气雷达、L波段风廓线雷达和加密自动站探测资料，结合天气实况，对2018年7月26日发生在陕西一次副热带高压影响下的的强风暴过程进行了中尺度分析。结果表明：（1）本次强风暴伴随的阵风锋共维持了4h，其中有3h出现7级以上的大风，且最大风力10级。（2）在副热带高压影响下，陕西处于高温、高湿气团中，大气层结极不稳定。（3）此次强风暴在高的对流有效位能环境下（CAPE）下，抬升触发的关键因子是关中地区中尺度辐合线，当初生的对流云团下山后，中尺度辐合线触发的对流风暴形成小范围冷池出流与环境风场形成新的辐合线，加强对流风暴发展。（4）当阵风锋移动过程中遇到前方的对流云团时，将低层暖湿空气抬升，并随着上升气流输送到主体对流风暴中，迅速补充了主体风暴的能量，使得主体风暴再次强烈发展，延长了阵风锋的生命史。     

登陆过程中热带风暴"黄蜂"螺旋云带的分析

分析了热带风暴"黄蜂"在登陆过程中逐小时高分辨红外云图上的螺旋云带及其强对流云团的变化规律.从强对流云团发展为主螺旋云带的演变过程中,螺旋云带主要表现为其前端的对流逐渐加强,其余部分逐渐减弱,以及前端的强对流云团总体表现为旋入运动且维持时间较长,而其余部分的云团总体表现为远离中心等的特征.初步探讨了螺旋云带结构变化与风暴强度之间的关系和"黄蜂"在登陆后迅速减弱的可能原因.     

Stable Isotope Ratios: Hurricane Olivia

The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of rains from HurricaneOlivia (1994) in the eastern Pacific were measured. The rains werecollected on 24 and 25 September during airplane flights conducted at anelevation of 3 km. Hurricane Olivia peaked in intensity to a category-4storm between the two dates. Isotope ratios of rains from HurricaneOlivia were markedly lower ( ¹⁸O = –13.9to –28.8) than that of rain collected from a thunderstormat an elevation of 2.3 km outside the influence of Olivia (¹⁸O = –3.8). A distinct decrease in isotoperatios from the first day to the next ( ¹⁸O =–18.4 to –21.9) in Hurricane Olivia wasattributed to decreased updraft velocities and outflow aloft. Thisshifted the isotopic water mass balance so that fewer hydrometeors werelifted and more ice descended to flight level. A decrease in the averagedeuterium excess from the first day to the next (d = 15.5 to 7.1)was attributed to an increase in the relative humidity of the watervapor `source' area. We hypothesize that the `source' region for therain was in the boundary layer near the storm center and that becausethe hurricane was at peak intensity prior to the second day the relative humidity was higher.     

台风“榴莲”暴雨的湿位涡诊断分析

分析 2 0 0 1年 7月 2 - 3日台风“榴莲”暴雨过程中湿位涡及其各分量的变化 ,发现对流层低层 85 0 h Pa湿位涡的负值中心、 70 0 h Pa湿位涡的正值区与强降水中心相对应 ;急流与层结稳定度的变化 ,影响着湿位涡的变化     

城市次降雨径流污染负荷计算方法

城镇地表径流污染是地表水体污染的主要原因,也是城镇河流的主要污染源之一,其识别和控制是目前城市水环境治理的重要内容。沙河是长江的二级支流,流经宜昌市某区,水体水质较差。以该区为研究对象,将其分为不同下垫面,通过监测次降雨不同时段各种下垫面地表径流中污染物浓度,建立地表径流污染物负荷估算方法,估算地表径流中污染物负荷量,为城市非点源污染削减和城市河流污染治理提供依据。     

A radar-based verification of precipitation forecast for local convective storms

Local flash flood storms with a rapid hydrological response are a real challenge for quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF). It is relevant to assess space domains, to which the QPF approaches are applicable. In this paper an attempt is made to evaluate the forecasting capability of a high-resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) model by means of area-related QPF verification. The results presented concern two local convective events, which occurred in the Czech Republic (CR) on 13 and 15 July 2002 and caused local flash floods. We used the LM COSMO model (Lokall Model of the COSMO consortium) adapted to the horizontal resolution of 2.8 km over a model domain covering the CR. The 18 h forecast of convective precipitation was verified by using radar rainfall totals adjusted to the measured rain gauge data. The grid point-related root mean square error (RMSE) value was calculated over a square around the grid point under the assumption that rainfall values were randomly distributed within the square. The forecast accuracy was characterized by the mean RMSE over the whole verification domain. We attempt to show a dependence of both the RMSE field and the mean RMSE on the square size. The importance of a suitable merger between the radar and rain gauge datasets is demonstrated by a comparison between the verification results obtained with and without the gauge adjustment. The application of verification procedure demonstrates uncertainties in the precipitation forecasts. The model was integrated with initial conditions shifted by 0.5° distances. The four verifications, corresponding to the shifts in the four directions, show differences in the resulting QPF, which depend on the size of verification area and on the direction of the shift.     

2003年11月超强磁暴热层大气密度扰动及其与焦耳加热和环电流指数的关系——CHAMP卫星观测

本文利用CHAMP卫星加速度仪测量数据，计算和分析2003年11月20～21日大磁暴期间大气质量密度扰动的全球分布特征；研究暴时变化与极区大尺度对流引起的全球焦耳加热总功率及环电流指数SYM H之间的关系.结果表明，磁暴期间400 km高度上热层大气质量密度大幅度上升， NRLMSISE 00模式预测值与此相比有很大差别；暴时大气密度的增大存在昼/夜半球不对称性：白天强于夜晚，且白天随纬度的分布呈现出比较复杂的图像，在赤道附近和南半球中低纬区（10°N ～50°S）大气密度增大较强，并呈双峰分布，两个峰分别位于0°和45°S，另外在极区也出现大气密度扰动的局部极大，而在夜晚，大气密度变化南北半球比较对称，在赤道低纬区大气密度增大较强；互相关分析表明，中低纬区大气密度变化滞后于全球焦耳加热总功率3～7 h，滞后于环电流指数（SYM H）0～3 h，与二者存在很强的相关，表明极区焦耳加热和赤道环电流过程对暴时热层大气密度扰动有重要影响.     

甘肃河西走廊沙尘暴与赤道中,东太平洋海温之间的遥相关分析

春、夏季甘肃河西走廊沙尘暴发生次数与赤道中、东太平洋海温之间遥相关分析结果表明：春、夏季河西走廊沙尘暴发生次数与前二年赤道中、东太平洋海温的负相关最好,时间过远或过近,相关性反而较差。利用前期的赤道中、东太平洋海温可以较好地预报出河西走廊春季沙尘暴发生的多寡。