Dirac spinor scattering states with positive-energy in rotating spheroid models

There are many rotating spheroids in the universe, and many astronomers and physicists have used theoretical methods to study the characteristics of stellar gravity since Newton's time. This paper derives the solutions of eight scattering states $({\varphi }^{(0)},{\chi }^{(0)},{\varphi }^{(1)},{\chi }^{(1)},{\varphi }^{(2)}$, ${\chi }^{(2)},{\varphi }^{(3)}$, and ${\chi }^{(3)})$ for the Dirac equation with positive-energy $E=\mathit{im}$, and establishes the relationship between the differential scattering cross section ${\sigma }_i(p,\theta ,\phi )$ and the stellar density $\mu$. It is found that: (1) For the eight scattering states, their average scattering cross-sections $\overline{{\sigma }_i}$ are proportional to ${\mu }^2$, and depend on the star's radius, and the higher the stellar density $\mu$, the greater the sensitivity of $\overline{\sigma \mathit{i}}$ to the change of $\mu$; (2) For the four scattering states ${\chi }^{(i)},i=0,1,2,3$, their average scattering amplitudes $\bar{f}(p,\theta )$ and $\bar{\sigma }(p,\theta )$ depend on the mass $m$ of the particles; while for the other four scattering states ${\varphi }^{(i)}$, $i=0,1,2,3$, then $\bar{f}$ and $\bar{\sigma }$ are independent of $m$. This study links the gravitational characteristics of stars with the scattering cross section, creating a new method for studying the gravitational characteristics, which helps to reveal the mystery of the gravity of rotating ellipsoidal stars.     

A comparison of variational formats for porous media subjected to dynamic loading

This paper presents a comparison of two variational formats for fully saturated porous media subjected to dynamic loading, whereby the general situation of relative fluid acceleration is considered: (1) the classical three‐field ( u , p, w )‐format and (2) a novel two‐field ( u , p)‐format, where the seepage velocity w is a spatially ‘local’ field whose treatment resembles that of internal variables in material models. The limited numerical comparison shows that the ( u , p)‐format competes well with the ( u , p, w )‐format. Indeed, it is consistent with the general acceleration modeling in the full range of permeabilities. Moreover, in the low permeability regime (where the magnitude of w is insignificant), the new format reflects the situation pertinent to ‘added‐mass’ and is more efficient than the classical ( u , p, w )‐format. Finally, the ( u , p)‐formatcan conveniently be implemented in existing FE‐codes based on the ‘added mass’ formulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国东部夏季降水百年雨型的多时间尺度变化特征研究

本文用1900-1950年的我国实测的与内插的降水、气温资料，结合近代先进的统计方法对立了1900-1950年我国东部夏季降水雨型序列，并将其与已有的近48年（1951-1998年）的夏季雨型序列相衔接，进而研究了近百年我国夏季雨带的演变规律及其与ENSO的关系，此外，还研究了百年夏季雨型与大气活动中心在基本态时间尺度上的关系，研究了北太平洋涛动和我国夏季降水的关系。     

夯扩异形桩施工振动效应分析

建筑垃圾夯扩异形桩是-种新型地基加固处理技术, 但是由于夯击能量较大, 施工过程中产生-定的振动效应。此种振动效应能否对环境、特别是临近建筑物产生有害影响, 是制约本施工工艺普遍应用的关键问题之-。本文通过对两侧建筑垃圾夯扩异桩施工振的监测, 对夯扩异形桩施工振动效应进行了分析, 研究了不同施工状态对地面振动参数的影响, 指出夯扩异形施工振动随距离呈负幂函数的形式进行衰减, 不同的施工状态对地面振动参数的影响只局限于距离夯击点非常有限的范围内。     

Steady state analysis of unsaturated flow above a shallow water-table aquifer drained by ditches

The one-dimensional pressure head profile above a fixed water-table was studied for different steady infiltration rates. As shown in previous studies, when the infiltration rate (q_in) is less than the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), this profile can be divided into two parts: (1) from the water-table surface (z₀) to an elevation z_γ, the pressure head varies from 0 to a value h_γ such as K(h_γ)=−q_in; (2) above the elevation z_γ the pressure head is constant and equal to h_γ. Above the water-table the zone where the pressure head is variable has been called ‘transition zone’. Its height is shown to be highly variable and to depend on soil properties as well as on the infiltration rate. This transition zone is not the ‘capillary fringe’ as defined by Gillham (Gillham R.W., 1984. The capillary fringe and its effect on water-table response. J. Hydrol. 67, 307–324). Numerical experiments performed with HYDRUS-2D^® for the case of a water-table drained by parallel ditches have shown that the height of the transition zone is similar in the one-dimensional profile and in the two-dimensional system as long as the local slope of the water-table is small. This result is important since in a two-dimensional system, the transition zone is the place where all the horizontal component of the unsaturated flow occurs. The ratio of the horizontal component of the unsaturated flow vs the total horizontal flow in both the unsaturated and saturated zones has been computed. For a given soil, this ratio decreases as the infiltration rate increases; for a given infiltration rate, the soil with the thinnest transition zone transfers the largest amount of water above the water-table.     

细胞自动机的多重分形特征和动力学根源

用大量弹簧滑块组成的模型可以模拟地震的复杂性，本文以细胞自动机（ＣＡ）为数学工具，结合地震学和岩石力学的结果，考虑了能量的输入和损耗，进行了地震事件的数字模拟。对模型中输出的“地震”事件进行了时间和空间的多分形分析，并对自组织临界（ＳＯＣ）状态进行了讨论，进而得到事件至少在时间域里的分布呈现出层次结构，符合自相似特征。本文的ＣＡ模型属于确定性的混沌系统，而对于处在ＳＯＣ状态下的大量事件的频度和大小的统计与Ｇ－Ｒ指数律很好地吻合。结果表明，虽然自组织（ＳＯ）可能是更准确的地震表征，但ＳＯＣ仍然是研究地震现象的很好的模式。     

华北地区部分活动断裂面现今应力状态与地震活动的时域变化关系

采用我国华北地区1966～1984年原地应力测量数据49组,结合各测点附近主要活动断裂的几何要素进行了分析,发现地壳浅部断裂面上的有效正应力和剪应力的比值随时间变化与断裂附近地震活动存在某种对应关系。即使在同一断裂上同一时域内,由于不同地段地震活动性的差异,所对应的有效应力比值亦有不同的变化。分析认为,当断裂面上有效应力比值在0.5以下时,断裂附近地震活动微弱,断裂呈现稳态,大于此值时,地震活动增强,断裂失稳     

论地方地震工作在短临预报中的作用

地方地震工作是我国地震工作的重要组成部分,在短临预报的监测、震情的动态跟踪、前兆观测方法的探索以及各种前兆信息的获取和识别方面。具有与专业地震队伍不同的特点、优势和不可替代的作用。地方地震工作还具有观测手段比较科学,布局比较合理,覆盖面广,接近震区,可补充专业台网不足等特点,因此已经成为整个地震系统中捕捉短临异常、实施短临预报不可缺少的一个重要组成部分。同专业地震队伍一起密切配合,为综合防御和最大程度减轻地震灾害发挥了重要作用。     

Analysis of State and Provincial Atlas Reviews*

Ninety-eight reviews of state and provincial atlases are examined in order to address several questions. Reviews are subjected to content analysis to identify the judgement criteria that experts use in evaluating a provincial or state atlas, and the aspects of each criterion that reviewers praise or condemn. An attempt is made to search for expert consensus and to identify a provincial or state atlas review recipe. The research reported here is part of a larger study undertaken to assist those in the process of planning a new provincial or state atlas initiative. This paper also assists individuals who are searching for rules and guidelines when undertaking an atlas review.