南大洋表层海水酸化研究进展

海洋酸化是全球变化的一个关注点,南大洋CO2吸收量占海洋对人为CO2的吸收量的30%—40%,同时,南大洋是缓冲能力较低、生态系统脆弱的高纬海域,所以,理解南大洋海水酸化过程及其控制因素就显得尤为重要。海水酸化引起海水中碳酸根离子(CO2-3)的浓度、碳酸钙饱和度(Ω)降低,这对成钙类生物碳酸钙(包括文石和方解石)的形成有害,最终可能对生态系统造成危害。了解海洋酸化的影响、预测酸化对海水碳酸盐体系和生态系统的影响具有重要意义。因此,本文对目前南大洋的开阔大洋区以及两个具有代表性的边缘海和海湾的酸化研究概况进行了梳理,试图对南大洋表层海水酸化的研究进行概述、展望未来南大洋海洋酸化研究趋势并提出一些亟须解决的问题。     

中国省域能源消耗碳排放安全评价

碳排放安全评价和预测在应对全球气候变化、实现区域可持续发展方面有重要意义。根据1996-2012年统计数据,基于压力—响应模型,从经济、社会、环境3个层面构建省域能源消费碳排放安全评价指标体系,分析了中国能源消费碳排放安全的时空分异,并运用GM(1, 1)方法进行预测。结果表明：1996-2012年,中国碳排放安全综合指数在临界安全区间内呈现波动下降趋势。其中,压力系统指数与综合指数变化态势趋于一致,响应系统指数表现为上升趋势;多数省区处于临界安全状态,亚安全状态省区逐渐消失,安全等级差的省区出现南移现象;大部分省区压力系统恶化的同时响应系统好转;区域间碳排放安全差距逐渐缩小,高压力低响应的区域大量减少。预测发现,2020年全国大部分省区处于临界安全或以下状态,碳排放安全情况不容乐观。     

Inserting scales of urban politics: the possibilities of meso-urban governance shims

This article explores the geographic literature on governance at smaller-than-urban but larger-than-household scales, identifying a relative inattention to neighborhood and other partial-city scales of governance. Hegemonic power relationships are institutionalized at particular scales of state government (e.g. national, regional, municipal) and state-sanctioned governing units (e.g. jurisdictional districts or supranational bodies), which in turn shapes urban research. We propose a new analytical term, governance shims, to describe the insertion of new scales of governance between those already reified and reproduced; institutions at such scales may be unusually grounded in authority beyond the state. Geographers seem well positioned to explore the characteristics of governance shims at the meso-urban scale. We illustrate this by briefly tracing how common interest communities (CICs), housing cooperatives, and community land trusts (CLTs) might be analyzed through a shims approach. Provocatively, emergent governance at the meso-urban scale often leverages idiosyncratic structures of property ownership to produce institutional authority.     

现场多功能定点观测系统

现场多功能定点观测系统是为潮汐河口及沿海地区进行水文测验而研制的。它由传感器组件、压力仓、电子电路、数据采集和处理装置等组成。传感器组件有流速、流向、温度、压力、电导率和含沙量等传感器，能测量流速等６种水文参数。该系统的使用既可长期定点锚泊测量，也可短期随船测量。长期锚泊测量能适应恶劣环境。     

霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae)的细胞形态研究——活的非可培养状态细胞

使用透射电镜和萤光抗体染色，对处于可培养和活的非可培养状态的霍乱弧菌进行了细胞形态结构比较研究。结果表明：处于非可培养状态的霍乱菌细胞，体积明显地缩小，形态由弧形变成了球形，我们共观察了３８２个非可培养状态的细胞，发现它们的细胞壁都是完整的，即不是细菌－Ｌ型，在这些细胞中也都没发现芽孢结构     

Sea state characterisation of the test site of an offshore wave energy plant

The Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS) pilot plant, rated at 2 MW, was tested offshore at Póvoa de Varzim in northern Portugal in 2004, gathering a large team of engineers and scientists. The Mechanical Engineering Department of Instituto Superior Técnico was involved, following previous work done for the project. The present paper describes one of the studies conducted. It aims to characterise the sea state at the actual location of the pilot plant using the available pressure sensors. Two approaches were performed: a first one purely based in linear wave theory, neglecting the presence of the device, and a second one, based on the results from a Boundary Element Method (BEM) code named AQUADYN, originally developed at École Centrale de Nantes (France), which allowed a detailed quantification of the effects of the presence of the plant on the wave profile directly above it. Comparisons with a Datawell Waverider buoy located at a certain distance from the plant also played an important role in the current study.     

Assessment of wind-forcing impact on a global wind-wave model using the TOPEX altimeter

The study presents assessment of an operational wave model (Wavewatch III), focusing upon the model sensitivity to wind-forcing products. Four wind fields are used to drive the model, including the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and three other products that assimilate various satellite wind measurements having high spatial resolution, including the QuikSCAT scatterometer. Three wave field statistics: significant wave height, mean zero-crossing wave period, and mean square slope are compared with collocated TOPEX altimeter derivatives to gauge the relative skill of differing wind-forced model runs, as well as to demonstrate an extended use of the altimeter beyond simply supplying wave height for wave model validation and assimilation. Results suggest that model output is critically sensitive to choice of the wind field product. Higher spatial resolution in the wind fields does lead to improved agreement for the higher-order wave statistics.     

Seasonal Cycle Analysis of the Nitrate Nitrogen and Nitrite Nitrogen in the Bohai Sea

During 1985～1987,the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was higher in the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Bay while that of nitrite nitrogen was higher in the Liaodong Bay and the Bohai Bay,The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was highest in winter and lowest in summer while that of nitrite nitrogen was highest in autumn and lowest in spring .the seasonal variation of the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was maximum in the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Bay while that of the concentration of nitrite nitrogen was maximum in the Liaodong Bay.There was a great difference in the concentration of nitrate nitrogen between the surface and the bottom in autumn and in the concentration of nitrite nitrogen between the surface and the bottom in summer.The main reason for the seasonal variations of the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen was the marine biochemical process.The nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the Bohai Sea basically maintained a quasi-equilibrium state seasonal cycle,The quesi-equilibrium state seasonal cycle of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen at the bottom was stable while that at the surface was liable to variations caused by other factors.     

The critical state behaviour of barodesy compared with the Matsuoka–Nakai failure criterion

Barodesy is a new approach to constitutive modelling of soil. It is based on Goldscheider's principles and maps stretching directions onto corresponding stress directions with the help of a simple exponential function. This mapping also determines a critical state surface in principal stress space. The article investigates this surface and relates it to the well‐known Matsuoka–Nakai failure criterion. It turns out that the difference between these two surfaces is negligible for practical applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic sliding of tetrahedral wedge: The role of interface friction

The role of interface friction is studied by slow direct shear tests and rapid shaking table experiments in the context of dynamic slope stability analysis in three dimensions. We propose an analytical solution for dynamic, single and double face sliding and use it to validate 3D‐DDA. Single face results are compared with Newmark's solution and double face results are compared with shaking table experiments performed on a concrete tetrahedral wedge model, the interface friction of which is determined by constant velocity and velocity stepping, direct shear tests. A very good agreement between Newmark's method on one hand and our 3D analytical solution and 3D‐DDA on the other is observed for single plane sliding with 3D‐DDA exhibiting high sensitivity to the choice of numerical penalty value. The results of constant and variable velocity direct shear tests reveal that the tested concrete interface exhibits velocity weakening. This is confirmed by shaking table experiments where friction degradation upon multiple cycles of shaking culminated in wedge run out. The measured shaking table results are fitted with our 3D analytical solution to obtain a remarkable linear logarithmic relationship between friction coefficient and sliding velocity that remains valid for five orders of magnitude of sliding velocity. We conclude that the velocity‐dependent friction across rock discontinuities should be integrated into dynamic rock slope analysis to obtain realistic results when strong ground motions are considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.