关于真空预压沉降计算的研究

真空预压的沉降计算参数（压缩系数）是通过压缩试验得到的,但地基土在真空预压荷载作用下的受力状态与压缩试验中土样的受力状态是不同的,用压缩试验得到的压缩系数进行真空预压处理的沉降计算是不合理的。为了探讨这个问题,进行线弹性条件下的理论分析、模拟真空预压应力路径的全自动应力控制三轴（GDS）压缩试验、真空预压的现场监测等工作,初步讨论了弹性条件竖向荷载相同时等向与单向压缩量的比、模拟真空预压应力路径的压缩系数与单向压缩时的压缩系数的试验关系,真空预压现场监测和单向压缩量计算结果对比表明了上述分析的合理性。     

复杂应力条件下掺砾黏土真三轴试验

采用新型真三轴仪器,对掺砾黏土进行了复杂应力条件下加载试验,近似模拟了土石坝填筑期心墙土体单元的加荷过程。试验结果表明,由于土体单元处于复杂应力状态,即使是单向加载这样的简单加荷应力路径,在不同应力方向上的应力和变形也都呈现显著的应力各向异性。土石坝应力变形分析中坝体单元处于三向应力条件下,由于加载引起的应力各向异性对心墙乃至整个坝体的应力变形规律都有较大影响,合理的本构模型应该能够反映并描述这种复杂应力状态下的应力各向异性。     

渐近状态土压力计算方法

挡土墙侧向土压力主要取决于墙体位移条件。在考虑土体平面应变简单加载条件下不同方向主应力的大小关系以及砂土剪胀特性的基础上,由砂土渐近状态公式得到挡土墙主动位移土压力区和被动位移土压力区任意墙体位移条件下侧向土压力系数K的计算公式。与已有方法相比,通过引入渐近状态准则,考虑了砂土剪胀特性对土压力大小的影响,计算参数确定方法试简单。通过与模型试验的对比,验证了该公式的合理性。     

中亚五国水土资源开发及其安全性对比分析

由于气候变暖和人类活动的影响,随着人口增长和区域农业灌溉发展,再加上低效率水资源管理等已导致中亚区域水土生态系统的退化.主要针对前苏联解体后到2007年的时段,对中亚五国水土资源开发情况及其对安全状态指标进行对比分析.结果表明:在1988—2007年期间,哈萨克斯坦人口总数逐年减少,人均可更新水资源量和人均总取水量呈逐年增加的趋势;其它中亚4国(吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦)人均水资源量出现逐年降低的趋势;乌兹别克斯坦是最大取水用户国家,次为土库曼斯坦;乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦是最大农业取水国,哈萨克斯坦是最大工业取水国,乌兹别克斯坦是最大生活取水国.到2005年,塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的淡水产量降到1989年的99%.在1992—2005年间,除了土库曼斯坦外其它中亚国家人均耕地面积逐年减少;同期,哈萨克斯坦的森林和草地面积有所减少,吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦有所扩大,塔吉克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的森林面积基本上保持不变,草地面积有所降低.乌兹别克斯坦是化肥施用和土壤盐渍化强度较严重的国家,土壤盐渍化面积占总灌溉面积从1994年50%扩大到2001年65.9%.     

The tropical intraseasonal oscillation in SAMIL coupled and uncoupled general circulation models

Simulations of tropical intraseasonal oscillation(TISO) in SAMIL,the Spectral Atmospheric Model from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP) State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) coupled and uncoupled general circulation models were comprehensively evaluated in this study.Compared to the uncoupled model,the atmosphere-ocean coupled model improved the TISO simulation in the following aspects:(1) the spectral intensity for the 30-80-day peak eastward periods was more realistic;(2) the eastward propagation signals over western Pacific were stronger;and(3) the variance distribution and stronger signals of Kelvin waves and mixed Rossby gravity waves were more realistic.Better performance in the coupled run was assumed to be associated with a better mean state and a more realistic relationship between precipitation and SST.In both the coupled and uncoupled runs,the unrealistic simulation of the eastward propagation over the equatorial Indian Ocean might have been associated with the biases of the precipitation mean state over the Indian Ocean,and the unrealistic split of maximum TISO precipitation variance over the Pacific might have corresponded to the exaggeration of the double Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) structure in precipitation mean state.However,whether a better mean state leads to better TISO activity remains questionable.Notably,the northward propagation over the Indian Ocean during summer was not improved in the mean lead-lag correlation analysis,but case studies have shown some strong cases to yield remarkably realistic northward propagation in coupled runs.     

Long-term Stability and Oceanic Mean State Simulated by the Coupled Model FGOALS-s2

We describe the long-term stability and mean climatology of oceanic circulations simulated by version 2 of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model(FGOALS-s2).Driven by pre-industrial forcing,the integration of FGOALS-s2 was found to have remained stable,with no obvious climate drift over 600 model years.The linear trends of sea SST and sea surface salinity(SSS) were 0.04°C(100yr)-1 and 0.01 psu(100yr)-1,respectively.The simulations of oceanic temperatures,wind-driven circulation and thermohaline circulation in FGOALS-s2 were found to be comparable with observations,and have been substantially improved over previous FGOALS-s versions(1.0 and 1.1).However,significant SST biases(exceeding 3°C) were found around strong western boundary currents,in the East China Sea,the Sea of Japan and the Barents Sea.Along the eastern coasts in the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean,a warm bias(>3°C) was mainly due to overestimation of net surface shortwave radiation and weak oceanic upwelling.The difference of SST biases in the North Atlantic and Pacific was partly due to the errors of meridional heat transport.For SSS,biases exceeding 1.5 psu were located in the Arctic Ocean and around the Gulf Stream.In the tropics,freshwater biases dominated and were mainly caused by the excess of precipitation.Regarding the vertical dimension,the maximal biases of temperature and salinity were located north of 65°N at depths of greater than 600 m,and their values exceeded 4°C and 2 psu,respectively.     

裂隙岩体非稳态渗流场与损伤场耦合分析模型

本文从流体扩散能量迭加原理,建立了裂隙岩体介质的渗流张量解析表达式,综合应用断裂力学与损伤理论,探讨了复杂应力状态下裂隙岩体的本构关系以及压裂裂纹的起裂准则,建立了裂隙岩体在压剪,拉剪应力状态下损伤演化方程,提出了渗透张量随裂隙损伤发展的关系以及裂隙岩体非稳态渗流场与与损伤场耦合模型。     

贵州安龙县耕地土壤几种有效态与对应全量、pH值、有机质的相关分析

为了掌握快速路瓶颈路段异质交通流的演变规律,以缓解交通拥堵,本文以快速路上匝道瓶颈路段为研究对象,构建了考虑安全距离的改进NaSch上匝道模型,利用数值仿真,对不同场景交通流演化过程进行系统性研究。仿真结果显示：在不同条件下,异质交通流中自动驾驶车辆比例的增加对瓶颈路段交通运营状态影响结果各异。在自由流阶段,自动驾驶车辆比例的增加对快速路瓶颈路段运营通行能力的增加无显著影响,自动驾驶车辆比例取0.9时,瓶颈路段运营通行能力反而降低了2.48%;在交通拥堵状态下,当异质交通流中自动驾驶车辆比例达到0.7及以上时,才有助于交通拥堵的消散,且其临界值随交通拥堵状态程度的提高而增大;当交通密度达到100 veh/km以上时,自动驾驶车辆比例的增加无法实质性改善瓶颈路段交通拥堵状态。研究结果可为异质交通流环境下的快速路上匝道瓶颈路段的治堵策略提供理论依据。     

An assessment of chlorophyll-a concentration spatio-temporal variation using Landsat satellite data,in a small tropical reservoir

Traditional approaches to monitoring aquatic systems are often limited by the need for data collection which often is time-consuming, expensive and non-continuous. The aim of the study was to map the spatio-temporal chlorophyll-a concentration changes in Malilangwe Reservoir, Zimbabwe as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass and trophic state when the reservoir was full (year 2000) and at its lowest capacity (year 2011), using readily available Landsat multispectral images. Medium-spatial resolution (30 m) Landsat multispectral Thematic Mapper TM 5 and ETM+ images for May to December 1999–2000 and 2010–2011 were used to derive chlorophyll-a concentrations. In situ measured chlorophyll-a and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations for 2011 were employed to validate the Landsat chlorophyll-a and TSS estimates. The study results indicate that Landsat-derived chlorophyll-a and TSS estimates were comparable with field measurements. There was a considerable wet vs. dry season differences in total chlorophyll-a concentration, Secchi disc depth, TSS and turbidity within the reservoir. Using Permutational multivariate analyses of variance (PERMANOVA) analysis, there were significant differences (p < 0.0001) for chlorophyll-a concentration among sites, months and years whereas TSS was significant during the study months (p < 0.05). A strong positive significant correlation among both predicted TSS vs. chlorophyll-a and measured vs. predicted chlorophyll-a and TSS concentrations as well as an inverse relationship between reservoir chlorophyll-a concentrations and water level were found (p < 0.001 in all cases). In conclusion, total chlorophyll-a concentration in Malilangwe Reservoir was successfully derived from Landsat remote sensing data suggesting that the Landsat sensor is suitable for real-time monitoring over relatively short timescales and for small reservoirs. Satellite data can allow for surveying of chlorophyll-a concentration in aquatic ecosystems, thus, providing invaluable data in data scarce (limited on site ground measurements) environments.     

气举反循环钻进井壁稳定及适用性探讨

气举反循环工艺具有钻进效率高、携带岩屑能力强、防漏效果好以及钻头寿命长等优点,同时还可以提高流体矿产的产能。但是一般认为气举反循环钻进抽吸作用会产生负压,不利于井壁稳定,不宜在松散地层应用。本文通过计算气举反循环钻进环空水力参数,并从环空压力以及冲洗液流态、流速等方面探讨研究气举反循环钻进中井壁稳定及其适用性,指出通过选取合适的钻具组合以及调节冲洗液性能,可使气举反循环工艺对不同地层的适应性更广。