数字化地震记录分析软件PITSA简介及使用说明

“九五”期间我们将建立一批数字化地震台站，紧接着就是数字化记录的常规处理和数字化资料的开发利用问题。这两方面的工作都离不开数字化记录的常规处理软件。由国际地震学和地球内部物理学协会（ＩＡＳＰＥＩ）和联合国科教文组织（ＵＮＥＳＣＯ）以及美国地震学会（ＳＳＡ）联合推荐的由Ｆ．ＳｃｈｅｒｂａｕｍａｎｄＪ．Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ完成的一套优秀的数字化分析处理软件ＰＩＴＳＡ（ＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍａｂｌｅＩｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｖｅＴｏｏｌｂｏｘｆｏｒＳｅｉｓｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ）是一套比较适合我国广大地震工作者使用的软件。ＰＩＴＳＡ的特点是：①在普通微机（ＰＣ机）上安装使用，要求的微机和外部环境都很低，容易安装，占据的硬盘空间小（约２Ｍ）字节；②功能很强，如部分放大，震相拾取、求震级、定震中、分量旋转等常规分析工作它都能很好完成，进一步的分析处理工作如数值微分、积分、基线校正、谱分析、滤波、相关、Ｈｉｌｂｅｒｔ变换，旋转分量、偏振滤波、交义谱、相关谱、画质点运动图、各种模拟地震图的仿真等，它都能方便地实现；③它是菜单操作式软件，易学易用；④我们已有现成的软件，并已被一些地震工作者开发利用。鉴于以上优点，故我们特出版此专辑     

Search for HH Objects and Emission Stars in Star Formation Regions. III. PMS Stars in NGC 7129

Slitless spectroscopy is used to discover 22 emission stars in the central and northwest regions of the cluster located in the NGC 7129 nebula. 16 of them are found for the first time. This sample is essentially complete up to V 20.0. The emission stars are distributed nonuniformly over the field of the cluster and are concentrated toward its center. Photometry in the V, R, and I bands is conducted on more than a hundred stars in the cluster. This yields an average absorption coefficient A _V=1.7±0.27 for this region. Based on their positions in color diagrams for the optical and near IR ranges, most of the emission stars can be regarded as T Tau objects.     

The power of imaging spectroscopy

I demonstrate with examples from the Galactic centre the astronomical potency of imaging spectroscopy, derived by scanning a slit across a portion of sky to produce a data cube with one spectral and two spatial dimensions.     

Saturn’s icy satellites investigated by Cassini-VIMS: II. Results at the end of nominal mission

We report the detailed analysis of the spectrophotometric properties of Saturn’s icy satellites as derived by full-disk observations obtained by visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) experiment aboard Cassini. In this paper, we have extended the coverage until the end of the Cassini’s nominal mission (June 1st 2008), while a previous paper (Filacchione, G., and 28 colleagues [2007]. Icarus 186, 259-290, hereby referred to as Paper I) reported the preliminary results of this study.During the four years of nominal mission, VIMS has observed the entire population of Saturn’s icy satellites allowing us to make a comparative analysis of the VIS-NIR spectral properties of the major satellites (Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Hyperion, Iapetus) and irregular moons (Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Janus, Epimetheus, Telesto, Calypso, Phoebe). The results we discuss here are derived from the entire dataset available at June 2008 which consists of 1417 full-disk observations acquired from a variety of distances and inclinations from the equatorial plane, with different phase angles and hemispheric coverage. The most important spectrophotometric indicators (as defined in Paper I: I/F continua at 0.55 μm, 1.822 μm and 3.547 μm, visible spectral slopes, water and carbon dioxide bands depths and positions) are calculated for each observation in order to investigate the disk-integrated composition of the satellites, the distribution of water ice respect to “contaminants” abundances and typical regolith grain properties. These quantities vary from the almost pure water ice surfaces of Enceladus and Calypso to the organic and carbon dioxide rich Hyperion, Iapetus and Phoebe. Janus visible colors are intermediate between these two classes having a slightly positive spectral slope. These results could help to decipher the origins and evolutionary history of the minor moons of the Saturn’s system. We introduce a polar representation of the spectrophotometric parameters as function of the solar phase angle (along radial distance) and of the effective longitude interval illuminated by the Sun and covered by VIMS during the observation (in azimuth) to better investigate the spatial distribution of the spectrophotometric quantities across the regular satellites hemispheres. Finally, we report the observed spectral positions of the 4.26 μm band of the carbon dioxide present in the surface material of three outermost moons Hyperion, Iapetus and Phoebe.     

Mineralogy, 57Fe Mössbauer spectra and magnetization of chalcolithic pottery

Three chalcolithic pottery sherds, paint removed from the surface of each sherd, and an unheated red pigment (Tell-Halaf culture, Turkey) were analysed within the frame of archaeometric studies using mineralogical methods, ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnetization and rotational hysteresis data. From mineralogical results, the individual minerals forming the cores of the sherds were determined. It was found that the sherds are lime-rich. High temperature X-ray analysis on comparable Ca-rich material showed that the established composition is consistent with a firing temperature of 750-950°C. Apart from the pigment, each Mössbauer spectrum of Fe-bearing components consists of dominating paramagnetic doublets, arising mostly from silicate phases, and of a six-line pattern with reduced intensity, due to ferri- and/or antiferromagnetic Fe-oxide phases. For three samples, an Fe³⁺ silicate component of the spectra is clearly dominating, which points to oxidizing conditions during firing. For the others Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ components occur in about equal intensities. For the pigment, the magnetic sextet is of similar intensity to the Fe³⁺ silicate component. From magnetic analysis of ferrimagnetic phases it follows that a low percentage of particles of solid solutions -Fe₂O₃ – Fe₃O₄ exist, probably in part 0.1 m in diameter. The ferrimagnetic particles of at least one paint are probably covered by a thin layer of hematite as found from rotational hysteresis data. An attempt is made to draw conclusions from the experimental results, regarding the firing conditions of the sherds and paints.     

傅立叶变换近红外光谱定量分析煤炭挥发分

建立了傅立叶变换近红外光谱定量分析煤炭中挥发分的数学模型，并用交叉验证法确定了最优建模参数。并用此分析方法，测定无烟煤中的挥发分，结果与国标的高温炉隔绝空气加热法的相对误差小于6．0％，方法的精密度（RSD，n=10）小于4．0％。实验表明，傅立叶变换近红外光谱定量分析煤炭的低含量挥发分可行，且分析速度快，精密度高。     

云南哀牢山金矿带镇沅超大型造山型金矿床碳质物特征及其成矿意义

哀牢山金矿带位于三江特提斯造山带的东南部,发育有一系列大型-超大型造山型金矿床,并广泛发育碳质物,但碳质物在金矿成矿过程中的作用还尚不明确。为了确定碳质物在金矿化过程中所扮演的角色,本研究以哀牢山金矿带镇沅超大型造山型金矿发现的不同种类的碳质物和共生黄铁矿为研究对象,对其进行了岩相学、拉曼光谱、傅里叶红外光谱、碳同位素和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）分析,研究结果表明镇沅金矿中有3类碳质物：CM1、CM2和CM3。CM1呈深灰色不规则形态,拉曼光谱分析显示CM1具有低强度、宽的D1带和高强度、窄的G峰,D2峰较明显,计算显示其形成温度为172~200℃,低于成矿温度（250~330℃）。此外,傅里叶红外分析结果表明CM1石墨化程度低,含较少的CH键和C=O键,表明其未经历热液蚀变。碳同位素分析显示CM1样品的δ¹³C值为-26.46‰~-26.89‰。与CM1空间上共生的黄铁矿（Py1）呈草莓状分布于碳质板岩中,LA-ICP-MS结果表明Py1的Co、Ni、Zn、Mo、Te元素含量高;CM2呈灰色细长沥青状,拉曼光谱分析显示CM2的D1峰和G峰较CM1更为尖锐,面积近似,且D2峰的光谱分峰程度很低,计算显示其形成温度为358~463℃,高于成矿温度。傅里叶红外分析结果显示,CM2石墨化程度高,在2925 cm^-1和1705 cm^-1处有明显的谱峰,含有较多的CH₂+CH₃、C=O和C=C键。CM3呈灰色细小颗粒状,拉曼光谱分析显示CM3的光谱特征与CM1的相似,但CM3的D2峰具有独立的峰段,计算显示其形成温度为258~322℃,与成矿温度一致。碳同位素分析显示CM3的δ¹³C值为-9.09‰~-14.12‰。与CM3空间上共生的黄铁矿（Py2）呈自形分布于含金石英脉中,LA-ICP-MS结果表明Py2的As、Au元素含量高。综合以上结果,笔者认为CM1来源于有机质,形成于碳质板岩的早期成岩阶段,属于变质成因,与其共生的Py1形成于成岩期,属于沉积成因的黄铁矿。CM2的形成温度高于成矿温度,也为变质成因。CM3源于成矿流体,形成于围岩中的含铁矿物和成矿流体发生反应,属于热液成因,而Py2与CM3从流体中同时沉淀。其中CM1和CM3在金矿化过程中起到重要的作用。CM1作为还原剂能够有效和成矿流体中金的硫氢络合物发生水岩反应促使金的沉淀,而CM3在硫化过程中和Py2共同沉淀导致成矿流体中H₂S的大量消耗,进一步破坏了金的硫氢络合物稳定性,导致金沉淀和再富集。     

Advances in elucidating biogeochemical processes in soils: It is about scale and interfaces

Contributions in biogeochemical research have immensely benefited humankind, including enhanced food production and the quality of our environment. This overview paper focuses on recent breakthroughs in elucidating biogeochemical processes in soils and other natural materials and delineates frontiers for the present decade and beyond. Frontiers will undoubtedly involve multiple spatial and temporal scale investigations, elucidation of reactions at biological, chemical, and physical interfaces, and the use of advanced in situ technologies in combination with interdisciplinary research.     

南极南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中有色溶解有机物的分布特征及来源分析

在南极南设得兰群岛附近海域采集了6个表层沉积物样品,测定了提取液中溶解有机物(DOM)的有机碳含量、紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,并对有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的分子量信息及各荧光组分的成分和来源进行了分析。结果表明,南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中DOM提取液的溶解有机碳(DOC)及沉积物有机碳(SOC)的含量呈现由近岸向开阔海域递减的趋势,紫外-可见吸收光谱中的吸收系数(a)也表现出了相似的性质,光谱斜率比(SR)表明近岸沉积物CDOM老化程度较强。通过对三维荧光光谱的分析可知,南设得兰群岛附近海域表层沉积物中的CDOM包含3种荧光组分,即类色氨酸、海洋类腐殖质和陆源类腐殖质,表现出较强的自生源特征,整个研究海域CDOM来源以内源为主,受陆生植物和土壤有机质的外源输入影响较小。通过CDOM各参数的相关性分析发现,沉积物DOM提取液的DOC含量与SOC含量以及吸收系数和腐殖化指数(HIX)等参数相互之间都呈显著正相关,相关系数(r)均在0.88以上,显著性水平P0.01。