内蒙古油砂固体颗粒的矿物组成和亲疏水性特征

油砂是一种重要的非常规油气资源,由沥青、固体颗粒(包括粗颗粒和细颗粒)和水组成,其开发利用的关键在于提高其中沥青的提取效率.溶剂提取技术因其沥青提取效率高、环境友好等优点被认为有望取代现有水基提取技术.在溶剂提取过程中,主要存在沥青中固体颗粒残留率高和尾矿中有机溶剂回收效率低的问题,这与固体颗粒的组成结构和表面性质密切...     

Mica Types as Indication of Magma Nature, Central Anatolia, Turkey

This study focuses on the nature of giant micas occurring at the contact between the ?zvatan (foid-bearing) syenites and the metamorphic basement in Central Anatolia. The studied micas are dark greenish-black in color and crystallized within vein shape like bodies as a narrow lens. The origin and processes responsible for the formation of these independent crystals of the giant micas were investigated by mineralogical, petrographical and geochemical analyses with the use of Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Polarized Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (PED-XRF) and Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA). According to XRD, CRS, FTIR and EPMA data, the giant micas are phlogopite. EPMA results reveal that studied mica minerals represent the products of re-equilibrated primary mica characterized by high MgO and FeO and low Al2O3 and TiO2 contents. The trace element concentrations of the giant micas display similar patterns with the upper crust. The giant micas are crystallized within small cubicles from an alkaline magma and their composition is possibly modified by a mixing event between the crust- and mantle-derived magmas and contaminated at varying extent by the basement metamorphic rocks.     

临界区流体与矿物和岩石在地球内部极端条件下的反应

极端条件下水热化学反应是一个新的科学问题。借助于高温超高压原位直接测量方法、各种谱学方法和同步辐射光源技术研究地球内部流体物质相互作用,可以获得反应过程的产物的分子-原子尺度信息,这些信息可以提供认识极端条件下水和矿物(岩石)反应动力学的新实验途径。地球内部的流体性质随所处高温高压条件发生变化。水的密度、介电常数等物理参数随温度压力变化而改变,在临界态会出现突变。水的性质的剧变会影响水与岩石(矿物)相互作用。文中报道了在极端条件下(20～435℃和23～35MPa)实验测量矿物(钠长石、辉石、石英和阳起石等)和岩石(玄武岩、正长岩)在水溶液里的溶解反应速率的研究结果,发现矿物里各种不同类型金属离子与水反应的速率不同,随温度变化而改变。在升温过程中,进入临界态时,矿物(岩石)与水反应出现一次反应速率的涨落。在恒压升温过程中(临界压力,或略高于临界压力),硅酸盐矿物溶解速率会逐步升高,如硅近临界区(300℃)抵达最大值,然后随升温溶解反应速率减低。地球内部的流体由深处上升到浅处,会从超临界区域进入近临界的气与液的两相不混溶区域。含金属流体里的金属会在气相与液相分离时出现再分配。实验表明:金属Au、Cu、Sn、W、Zn会进入气相,气体可以迁移金属。事实说明:地球内部流体结构和性质从深到浅在不断变化,在跨越临界区时的水的性质异常变化会导致水与矿物(岩石)反应动力学涨落,并且促使金属在临界区出现沉淀和在气液相分离过程中进行再分配及迁移。     

低温原位拉曼光谱技术在流体包裹体研究中的应用

国外学者自80年代起利用原位低温拉曼测定技术在国际上首先开展地质领域感兴趣的几种盐水化合物研究以来,原位低温拉曼测定技术已经成功地用于对人工合成和自然界盐水体系流体包裹体的研究,在流体相中盐类的鉴定、低温相平衡及盐度研究等方面取得了显著成果。该方法是对传统的流体包裹体显微测温方法的重要补充,正在成为国际上流体包裹体研究的一个新的热点,在地质流体研究方面具有非常广阔的应用前景。     

磷灰石结构中[SO_4]、[SiO_4]四面体的喇曼谱学特点

磷灰石是重要的生物材料矿物。天然磷石晶体结构中［ＰＯ４］３－能广泛地被［ＳｉＯ４］、［ＳＯ４］类质同象取代,形成含硅硫磷灰石以至硅硫磷灰石［１］。据报道,在合成羟磷灰石中引入部分Ｓ、Ｓｉ离子将提高其抗蚀性能,因此［ＳｉＯ４］与［ＳＯ４］对［ＰＯ４］的四面体替换是磷灰石晶体化学研究的重要内容［２～４］。振动光谱（包括喇曼与红外光谱）是研究晶体结构络阴离子行为的主要手段之一。对磷灰石中磷氧四面体振动谱学特点的研究,无论是理论计算还是实验结果均已十分成熟［５,６］,但对其结构中硫氧、硅氧四面体的喇曼光…     

下庄铀矿田方解石的谱学特征研究

下庄铀矿田是我国最大的花岗岩型铀矿田,其中的沥青铀矿-方解石型矿化类型是近年来新发现的一种富矿类型。系统采集了该矿田中不同成矿期、不同颜色的方解石样品．进行了粉晶X射线衍射、电子顺磁共振波谱及反射光谱学研究。电子顺磁共振波谱揭示成矿期方解石中普遍含有Fe^3 和Mn^2 色心离子,而成矿期后和远矿样品中则一般只含有单独的Fe^3 或者Mn^2 色心离子,说明矿田中唯一的工业矿石矿物．沥青铀矿可能是在氧化-还原过渡环境下沉淀的,强氧化和强还原环境均不利于矿石的沉淀。反射光谱学研究揭示不同成矿期方解石的光谱学特征不同,反映了它们在特征元素、含水性等方面均存在差异,成矿期方解石以890nm和400nm两个波长处Fe^3 氧化物的吸收为特征,而成矿期后的方解石则分别在1922nm和1400nm呈现明显的水的吸收。利用反射光谱测定可以定量计算矿物在不同光波波段的吸收性强弱,并得到色度值。研究表明红度较灰度和亮度能更好地定量表示本区方解石的颜色,这也许是由于研究区的方解石大多呈现不同程度的红色和白色所致。     

交流阻抗谱法及其在地球深部物质科学中的应用

交流阻抗谱对于表征地球深部物质的电学性质以及电极界面性质是一种比较新的而且是强有力的工具。它可以用来调查各种固体、流体内部以及界面的束缚和移动电荷的动力学。文中介绍了交流阻抗谱的基本原理以及常用的数据处理方法。对交流阻抗谱在不同的物质体系———矿物单晶、矿物多晶(岩石)、电解质溶液、岩石破裂、熔体中的表现形式进行了研究,并且给出相应导电机制的等效电路模型。研究结果发现,对于矿物单晶和矿物多晶在最高频率段的导电机制由颗粒内部引起;最低频率段的导电机制由电极界面所引起;而矿物多晶中间频率段的导电机制由颗粒边界所引起。对于电解质溶液,最高频率段的导电机制由电解质溶液所引起,而低频率段的导电机制由溶液电极界面所引起。交流阻抗谱对于检测岩石破裂和部分熔融中熔体的分布及数量都非常灵敏。     

黔西南架底金矿床流体包裹体研究

架底金矿是近年来在黔西南新发现的主要赋存于玄武岩中的大型微细粒浸染型金矿床。为查明其成矿流体特征,探讨流体成矿机制,针对矿床不同成矿阶段采取流体包裹体样品开展工作。根据野外观察和室内分析,架底金矿热液成矿期可分为3个阶段:黄铁矿阶段、烟灰色石英阶段和硫化物阶段,其中烟灰色石英阶段为主要成矿阶段。流体包裹体以NaCl-H₂O和CO₂-NaCl-H₂O型为主,黄铁矿阶段富CO₂包裹体,均一温度（T_h）为211~231℃,盐度（wt）为2.10~7.60（% NaCl equiv）;烟灰色石英阶段见大量NaCl-H₂O和CO₂-NaCl-H₂O型包裹体,均一温度（T_h）为182~218℃,盐度（wt）为1.40~5.90（% NaCl equiv）;硫化物阶段包裹体均一温度（T_h）普遍小于183℃,盐度（wt）为0.90~5.30（% NaCl equiv）。激光拉曼光谱分析显示包裹体中含CO₂、CH₄、N₂、SO₂等气相组分,随着成矿流体均一温度、盐度和密度的不断下降,包裹体中气相组分种类也趋于简单。通过计算成矿流体的ρ、P、pH、Eh和f_O2等物理化学参数,表明成矿环境具有中低温、低盐度、低密度、近中性、相对还原及低氧逸度的特征。流体包裹体组合变化表明成矿作用发生在流体CO₂含量不断降低的过程,主成矿阶段流体混合和区域伸展构造引起流体沸腾作用强烈,大量金属成分（黄铁矿、自然金等）快速沉淀形成金矿体。      

Temperature dependence of the polarized electronic absorption spectra of olivines. Part II—Cobalt-containing olivines

Polarized electronic absorption spectra of single crystalline Co₂[SiO₄] and (Co_0.64Mg_0.36)₂[SiO₄] (E|| a (|| Z), E || b (|| X), E || c (|| Y)) have been studied in the temperature range 293 T/K 1273. The three polarized spectra show a total of 15 bands. Five bands are caused by spin-allowed transitions in Co²⁺ ions at M1 sites which appear in all polarization directions. Seven polarization-dependent bands can be ascribed to spin-allowed transitions in Co²⁺ ions at M2 sites and three bands may be assigned to spin-forbidden transitions. The assignment of bands due to Co²⁺ ions at M1 and M2 sites has been made on the basis of transition energies and intensity ratios. Further arguments have been derived from the comparison of spectra of crystals with different cobalt content, from the analysis of the polarization dependence of the spectra, and from the evolution of band intensities with temperature.     

A Reliable Method for Determining the Oxidation State of Manganese at the Microscale in Mn Oxides via Raman Spectroscopy

Manganese oxides are important geomaterials, widespread in terrestrial and Martian environments. Characterisation of the oxidation state of Mn is a central issue in science; this task has been addressed up to the present by X‐ray spectroscopy or diffraction techniques. The former, however, requires access to synchrotron facilities, while the latter does not provide crystal‐chemical information at the local scale. In this work, we compare a large set of Raman data from well‐characterised samples, already published by the same authors of this paper or as found in the literature. We show a clear correlation between the oxidation state of Mn and the wavenumber of peculiar bands; octahedrally co‐ordinated Mn²⁺ is recognised by a band around 530 cm^?1, Mn³⁺ by a band around 580 cm^?1 and Mn⁴⁺ by a band around 630 cm^?1, while tetrahedrally co‐ordinated Mn²⁺ is recognisable by a band around 650 cm^?1. Strongly distorted Mn³⁺ octahedra are indicated by the appearance of Jahn–Teller modes. Our method allows a reliable, easily accessible tool to characterise the oxidation states of Mn in oxides, also suitable for microscale mapping. It provides a robust analytical basis for the use of these minerals as redox indicators in geology/geochemistry, in exoplanetary research or for monitoring technological processes.