Variations in structures and distributions of C25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes in cultures of the diatom, Haslea ostrearia (Simonsen)

The highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes of three batch cultures of the diatom Haslea ostrearia have been examined and the occurrence of C₂₅ tri-, tetra- and pentaenes confirmed. Growth of cultures outside at ambient temperature, under natural sunlight, in May (6 days) and June (10 days) 1995 and monitoring of HBI concentrations in samples collected daily and stored frozen, revealed that in May greater concentrations of HBIs (ca 6500 fg cell⁻¹) were produced than in June and at a much earlier stage of growth. Furthermore, in May the HBIs were more unsaturated (predominantly a tetraene rather than a triene). The reasons for these differences are at present unknown and future investigations of the effect of irradiance, temperature, salinity and other environmental variables are required. Such experiments may allow the various HBI distributions in the alga and in sediments to be better understood and, like some other polyunsaturated lipids, HBI alkenes may become useful environmental and palaeoenvironmental indicators. Two previously unreported alkenes, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7-(3-methylpent-4-enyl)pentadec-2,5,9,13-ene (GC retention index, 2201_DB-1) and 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-7-(3-methylene pent-4-enyl)pentadec-2,5,9,13-ene (GC RI, 2248_DB-1) from a batch culture of Haslea ostrearia grown in October/November 1993 and stored frozen for over a year, have also been isolated and characterised by ¹³C and ¹H NMR, epoxide derivatisation and mass spectrometry. Such structural characterisation studies of HBI alkenes should also aid our understanding of the geochemical fate of these widely distributed hydrocarbons.     

内河DOM降解的三维荧光、紫外光谱研究——以白马河为例

利用三维荧光光谱、紫外光谱手段,研究白马河水样中DOM在微生物作用下的分解情况,经过微生物分解204 h后DOC的浓度下降为23%.根据双指数方程拟合,水样中易分解组分占总量的63.2%,易分解组分与难分解组分的分解常数分别为0.102 h-1,0.002 57 h-1.随着培养时间的延长,水样三维荧光光谱中单位浓度有机物的荧光强度有不同程度的提高.根据水样的紫外吸收光谱分析,培养过程中SUVA254 nm有逐步升高的趋势,而溶液250 nm与365nm吸收的比值没有明显变化.     

Depth of volcanic basalt degassing forecasted from CO2 fluid inclusions

Fluid inclusions have recorded the history of degassing in basalt. Some fluid inclusions in olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts of basalt were analyzed by micro-thermometry and Raman spectroscopy in this paper. The experimental results showed that many inclusions are present almost in a pure CO2 system. The densities of some CO2 inclusions were computed in terms of Raman spectroscopic characteristics of CO2 Fermi resonance at room temperature. Their densities change over a wide range, but mainly between 0.044 g/cm3 and 0.289 g/cm3. Their micro-thermometric measurements showed that the CO2 inclusions examined reached homogenization between 1145.5℃ and 1265℃ . The mean value of homogenization temperatures of CO2 inclusions in basalts is near 1210℃. The trap pressures (depths) of inclusions were computed with the equation of state and computer program. Distribution of the trap depths makes it know that the degassing of magma can happen over a wide pressure (depth) range, but mainly at the depth of 0.48 km to 3.85 km. This implicates that basalt magma experienced intensive degassing and the CO2 gas reservoir from the basalt magma also may be formed in this range of depths. The results of this study showed that the depth of basalt magma degassing can be forecasted from CO2 fluid inclusions, and it is meaningful for understanding the process of magma degassing and constraining the inorganogenic CO2 gas reservoir.     

Identification of magnetic Fe–Ti oxides in marine sediments by electron backscatter diffraction in scanning electron microscopy

In paleomagnetic and environmental magnetic studies the magnetomineralogical identification is usually based on a set of rock magnetic parameters, complemented by crystallographic and chemical information retrieved from X-ray diffraction (XRD), (electron) microscopy or energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of selected samples. While very useful, each of these supplementary techniques has its limitations when applied to natural sample material which are related to low particle concentrations (down to the ppm range in marine sediments) and very fine grain sizes (down to the nm scale). Therefore, meaningful application of such techniques depends on sample quality. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) of individual grains in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enables mineralogical identification of grains down to ∼0.2 micrometer and is particularly powerful when combined with EDS. In this study, we show the merits of EBSD for rock magnetic investigations by analyzing titanomagnetites and hemoilmenites of various compositions and submicron lamella of titanomagnetite–hemoilmenite intergrowths. Such particles often occur in natural marine sediments where EDS often has a semi-quantitative character and compositionally similar intergrowths may be difficult to distinguish. With the mineralogical information provided by EBSD unambiguous identification of spinel-type and trigonal oxides is obtained. Optimal EBSD patterns are gathered from smooth, polished surfaces, but here we show that interpretable EBSD patterns can be obtained directly from the surface of unconsolidated, so called 'non-embedded' particles from marine sediments. This information enhances the interpretative value of rock magnetic parameters.     

塔河地区西南部古生界东河塘组油气运移痕迹研究

通过塔河地区西南部古生界东河塘组岩心油显示及含油薄片分析,以及首次应用红外光谱石油基团成份测定技术,对该地区东河塘组油气运移痕迹做了一次系统的研究。结果表明:东河塘组油气具有同源性;轻质油成份南北有所差异,重油或沥青与轻质油分属不同期的产物;北部井多分布重质油和沥青,向南减少,轻质油增加,北部和中北部井多出现水驱特征。在运移痕迹研究的基础上,结合地质背景及前人的研究成果,分析了石油的运移路径,为建立正确的油气运聚模式提供依据。红外光谱法对研究运移痕迹很有效,应该成为今后油气运移研究技术方法之一。     

Fluid evolution in the nepheline syenites of the Ditrău Alkaline Massif, Transylvania, Romania

The Ditrău Alkaline Massif is an intrusion into the Bucovina nappe system that is part of the Mesozoic crystalline zone located in Transylvania, Romania, in the Eastern Carpathians. Nepheline syenites are the most abundant rocks in the central and eastern part of the Massif, and represent the last major intrusion of the complex. Fluid inclusions in nepheline, aegirine and albite were trapped at magmatic conditions on or below the H₂O-saturated nepheline syenite solidus at about 400–600 °C and 2.5–5 kbars. Early nepheline, and to a lesser extent albite, were altered by highly saline fluids to produce cancrinite, sodalite and analcime, during this process cancrinite also trapped fluid inclusions. The fluids, in most cases, can be modeled by the H₂O–NaCl system with varying salinity; however inclusions with more complex fluid composition (containing K, Ca, CO₃, etc., in addition to NaCl) are common. Raman spectroscopic analyses of daughter minerals confirm the presence of alkali-carbonate fluids in some of the earliest inclusions in nepheline, aegirine and albite.

During crystallization, the melts exsolved a high salinity, carbonate-rich magmatic fluid that evolved to lower salinity as crystallization progressed. Phases that occur early in the paragenesis contain high-salinity inclusions while late phases contain low-salinity inclusions. The salinity trend is consistent with experimental data for the partitioning of chlorine between silicic melt and exsolved aqueous fluid at about 2.0 kbars. The activity of water (a_H2O) in the melt increases during crystallization, resulting in the formation of hydrous phases during late-stage crystallization of the nepheline syenites.     

High-density early CO2 fluids in the ultrahigh-temperature granulites of Ihouhaouene (In Ouzzal, Algeria)

Fluid inclusion studies in rocks from the Lower Proterozoic granulites from western Hoggar (Algeria) provide new evidence for the hypothesis that a CO₂-rich, H₂O-poor fluid was present during the high-grade metamorphism. CO₂ inclusions represent the main fluid trapped in the Ihouhaouene ultrahigh-temperature (over 1000 °C) and high-pressure (10 to 14 kbar) granulites. The microthermometric and Raman microspectrometric measurements indicate that the carbonic fluid is mainly composed of CO₂ with minor amounts of CH₄ and N₂ detected in some inclusions (< 4 mol% CH₄). Carbonic fluid densities range from 1.18 to 0.57 g/cm³. The highest densities are recorded in superdense carbonic inclusions presenting evidence of the earliest trapping and they correspond to the fluid densities expected for the P–T conditions of the peak of metamorphism in the area previously determined from mineral geothermobarometers. Lower densities of carbonic fluids mainly result from the reequilibration of earlier trapped fluid inclusions during retrograde metamorphism and final uplift of the metamorphic terrane, but a new influx of carbonic fluids during the retrograde event remains possible. Carbonic fluids can be produced in situ from decarbonation reactions in interlayered impure marbles during the prograde event or derived from CO₂ flushing from underlying basic intrusions. The aqueous fluids present large variations of composition (0.5 to 30 wt.% NaCl equivalent) and densities (1.16 to 0.57 g/cm³). They clearly correspond to post-metamorphic fluids because they mainly occur along microfractures, they do not show any evidence of immiscibility with the carbonic fluids and mixed aquo-carbonic inclusions have not been observed. The percolation of aqueous fluids is related to the Pan-African tectonometamorphic event.     

Comparison of COSPEC and two miniature ultraviolet spectrometer systems for SO2 measurements using scattered sunlight

The correlation spectrometer (COSPEC), the principal tool for remote measurements of volcanic SO₂, is rapidly being replaced by low-cost, miniature, ultraviolet (UV) spectrometers. We compared two of these new systems with a COSPEC by measuring SO₂ column amounts at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii. The two systems, one calibrated using in-situ SO₂ cells, and the other using a calibrated laboratory reference spectrum, employ similar spectrometer hardware, but different foreoptics and spectral retrieval algorithms. Accuracy, signal-to-noise, retrieval parameters, and precision were investigated for the two configurations of new miniature spectrometer. Measurements included traverses beneath the plumes from the summit and east rift zone of Kīlauea, and testing with calibration cells of known SO₂ concentration. The results obtained from the different methods were consistent with each other, with <8% difference in estimated SO₂ column amounts up to 800 ppm m. A further comparison between the COSPEC and one of the miniature spectrometer configurations, the ‘FLYSPEC’, spans an eight month period and showed agreement of measured emission rates to within 10% for SO₂ column amounts up to 1,600 ppm m. The topic of measuring high SO₂ burdens accurately is addressed for the Kīlauea measurements. In comparing the foreoptics, retrieval methods, and resultant implications for data quality, we aim to consolidate the various experiences to date, and improve the application and development of miniature spectrometer systems.     

Harmonic analysis of the Earth's gravitational field by means of semi-continuous ephemerides of a low Earth orbiting GPS-tracked satellite. Case study: CHAMP

An algorithm for the determination of the spherical harmonic coefficients of the terrestrial gravitational field representation from the analysis of a kinematic orbit solution of a low earth orbiting GPS-tracked satellite is presented and examined. A gain in accuracy is expected since the kinematic orbit of a LEO satellite can nowadays be determined with very high precision, in the range of a few centimeters. In particular, advantage is taken of Newton's Law of Motion, which balances the acceleration vector with respect to an inertial frame of reference (IRF) and the gradient of the gravitational potential. By means of triple differences, and in particular higher-order differences (seven-point scheme, nine-point scheme), based upon Newton's interpolation formula, the local acceleration vector is estimated from relative GPS position time series. The gradient of the gravitational potential is conventionally given in a body-fixed frame of reference (BRF) where it is nearly time independent or stationary. Accordingly, the gradient of the gravitational potential has to be transformed from spherical BRF to Cartesian IRF. Such a transformation is possible by differentiating the gravitational potential, given as a spherical harmonics series expansion, with respect to Cartesian coordinates by means of the chain rule, and expressing zero- and first-order Ferrer's associated Legendre functions in terms of Cartesian coordinates. Subsequently, the BRF Cartesian coordinates are transformed into IRF Cartesian coordinates by means of the polar motion matrix, the precession–nutation matrices and the Greenwich sidereal time angle (GAST). In such a way a spherical harmonic representation of the terrestrial gravitational field intensity with respect to an IRF is achieved. Numerical tests of a resulting Gauss–Markov model document not only the quality and the high resolution of such a space gravity spectroscopy, but also the problems resulting from noise amplification in the acceleration determination process.     

基于主成分分析的反射光谱在岩石学中的应用——以哈密地区为例

本文首先总结并分析了岩矿常见光谱特征的波长位置及其产生原因。然后基于主成分分析技术对哈密42条岩石实验室光谱进行了定量分析。前两个主成分共包含了96．7％的信息量，代表了原始信息。第一主成分反映了岩石总体反射率大小，称为反照率因子；第二主成分反映了光谱曲线斜率变化，称为形状因子。使用这两个主成分可以区分该区主要岩类，达到了数据压缩和分类的目的。第三和第四主成分尽管所占信息很少，但反映了岩石蚀变信息。为了突出蚀变岩石光谱吸收特征，进而又对经过连续统去除后的光谱进行主成分分析，结果发现，在新生成的第三和第四主成分图上，4种矿石被清晰区分开来。