煤矸石堆场信息遥感提取方法对比

煤矸石作为工业特殊固体废物之一,产生于煤炭的采掘与洗煤的过程中,影响着周围的生态环境,因此,通过遥感影像获得煤矸石堆场的位置、面积信息,对于后续的调查也有很好的指导作用。本文选择2011年9月的LandSat5 TM影像,通过将研究区的光谱信息与地形、温度等辅助信息相结合的方式,分别使用非监督分类、监督分类、谱间关系法、分层分类法4种方法对研究区煤矸石堆场进行提取。通过对比,分层分类法提取煤矸石堆场信息的识别精度可达到78%。另外,该方法对于继续在高分辨率遥感影像上进行煤矸石堆场位置、面积的提取也有指导作用。     

Effects of spectral nudging on the 2010 East Asia summer monsoon using WRF model

The performance of spectral nudging in an investigation of the 2010 East Asia summer monsoon was assessed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, forced by 1-degree NCEP Global Final Analysis (FNL). Two pairs of experiments were made, spectral nudging (SP) and non-spectral nudging (NOSP), with five members in each group. The members were distinguished by different initial times, and the analysis was based on the ensemble mean of the two simulation pairs. The SP was able to constrain error growth in large-scale circulation in upper-level, during simulation, and generate realistic regional scale patterns. The main focus was the model ability to simulate precipitation. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 product was used for precipitation verification. Mean precipitation magnitude was generally overestimated by WRF. Nevertheless, SP simulations suppressed overestimation relative to the NOSP experiments. Compared to TRMM, SP also improved model simulation of precipitation in spatial and temporal distributions, with the ability to reproduce movement of rainbands. However, extreme precipitation events were suppressed in the SP simulations.     

汶川与昆仑山强烈地震激发的地球自由振荡频谱的对比分析

强烈地震激发的地震波信息非常丰富,高频信息能量部分会在小范围短时间内迅速衰减,而低频信息特别是较低频信息能量部分则衰减较慢,会绕地球很多圈后才会消耗殆尽,从而激发地球的自由振荡.虽然地球自由振荡的固有频率不变,但不同震源机制的地震激发的地球自由振荡频率成分会随着震级、震源机制、方位等的不同而有显著差别.本文利用2008年5月12日汶川(M_w7.9)地震与2001年11月14日昆仑山(M_w7.8)地震这两个能量震级相当但震源机制不同的地震,基于地震波传播理论,考虑横向各向同性PREM地球模型并融合Crust2.0地壳模型、S20RTS地幔模型及PREM径向衰减模型,利用谱元法结合高性能并行计算,对这两次强烈地震激发的全球地震波传播进行了数值模拟,计算它们激发的地球自由振荡频谱特征差异.计算结果显示了汶川地震的逆冲-走滑特性及昆仑山地震的水平左旋走滑特征.利用理论计算得到的地震波动记录进行功率谱密度估计对比分析,研究结果显示这两次强烈地震释放的低频信息能量大小相当,但总体上看昆仑山地震释放的能量略小于汶川地震的.对比分析表明,不同地震激发的地球自由振荡模式在同一台站处的发育程度不同;同一地震激发的地球自由振荡在不同台站处记录到的振型频率成分也有很大差异.对于不同地震激发的地球自由振荡,有一些频率成分共同出现,表现为地球自由振荡功率谱能量均较大;也有一些振型由于相长干涉,仅在某些地震中被激发而得以良好发育,表现为功率谱能量明显较大;而一些振型由于相消干涉,在一些地震激发方式下被压制,表现为功率谱能量明显很小,甚至接近于0.计算结果清楚地显示了不同地震激发方式下地球振荡模式丰富而复杂的特性,需要对不同地震激发的地球振荡信息进行综合深入的分析,才能对地球内部结构尤其横向不均匀特性给予全面的科学解释.     

A nonparametric characterization of vertical ground motion effects

Design guidelines have traditionally oversimplified the vertical ground motion effects by defining a constant vertical‐to‐horizontal response spectral ratio (V/H). With the recognition that such practice is not always conservative, recent studies have proposed improvements to the representation of vertical seismic effects in design codes, based on empirical ground motion relations. Conventional empirical modeling requires selecting the functional form of the predictive model. Because of the complicated nature of ground motions, identification of the underlying function is a challenge. A related drawback to this approach is its high susceptibility to overfitting, especially with today's highly complex models. To address these issues, this paper proposes a nonparametric approach to characterize the vertical seismic effects. Using support vector machines, the V/H ratio is determined without an assumed functional form. The accuracy of the model is measured by adopting an epsilon‐insensitive residual function with a regularization term added to prevent overfitting. An example application using ground motion records from strike‐slip and normal faulting earthquakes is presented, and the results are compared with a current empirical model, for different magnitude, distance, and local soil conditions. The median V/H estimates from the two models are shown to be in good general agreement. The standard deviation estimates from the proposed model are consistently larger than the estimates from the empirical model. The results from this study show that the proposed method is a viable alternative and offers the opportunity to characterize vertical seismic effects without an assumed functional form. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川地震强震动地面倾斜研究

根据三分量强震动传感器水平摆和竖向摆对倾斜的动力响应差异,利用谱比法计算出汶川MS8.0地震中近断层强震动的断层法线方向和平行方向的同震地面倾斜. 结果表明, 本次地震中强震动观测台处地面倾斜一般小于1deg;,影响频段主要在0.1 Hz以下,发生较大倾斜的台站主要在距地表破裂迹线30 km以内,在100 km之外或水平向加速度幅值均方根在200 cm/s2以下时很少发生0.01deg;以上的同震地面倾斜．总体上看,上盘区域的倾斜值普遍小于下盘区域,法线方向倾斜值一般大于平行线方向倾斜值．位于前山断裂与中央断裂之间区域的绵竹清平台谱比较低但平缓且频带较宽,可能反应了该区域的运动特殊性,而汶川卧龙台则显示了上盘边缘区域地面倾斜较大．逆冲段与走滑段台站倾斜对比显示,地面倾斜可能受局部场地条件影响较大．      

基于ETM+遥感数据的闽南地区断裂活动性评价探讨

以闽南地区为研究区域,以ETM+遥感影像数据为基础,通过广泛收集、分析研究区地质背景资料,分析区域内断层活动情况,进而提取研究区线性构造信息,结合地震地质资料对闽南地区主要断裂的分布情况及活动性做系统的分析研究。同时对闽南地区的新构造活动及构造应力场,线性构造和水系的分形分维,地震活动及其危险性和地热异常等主要影响因子做初步探讨。在确定影响断裂活动性的主要因素后,对研究区进行初步分区和定量化评价。最终判定研究区可圈定为:相对较不活动区、相对较活动区、相对活动区3个活动性级别。其中相对活动区面积占整个研究区3/5以上;相对较不活动区面积较小,造成相对活动的关键性因素是地震、活动断裂。     

Mapping spectral tropicality in The Maid and Return to Pontianak

Contemporary, postcolonial Singapore has tamed, managed, and essentially disavowed its tropicality, aptly captured symbolically as the 'air-conditioned nation'. This essay traces how two recent Singapore horror films, The Maid (2005) and Return to Pontianak (2001), evoke the 'return of the repressed' as a form of haunting that I call 'spectral tropicality'. The films image and imagine this spectral return through unruly bodies (citizen subjects, female domestic workers, ghosts and vampire-ghosts) and uncanny landscapes (the jungle and city). In particular, the films and this analysis examine two sociocultural spectres lurking beneath Singapore as a tropical urban city-nation: the female domestic worker ( The Maid ) and ethnoracial folk beliefs ( The Maid and Return to Pontianak ). The Maid features the Hungry Ghosts Festival in the Chinese religious calendar, ghost marriages and an engagement with yin and yang energies, while Return to Pontianak deals with Malay folk beliefs of semangat ('life force'), and the pontianak, a female vampire-ghost. The Maid attempts to integrate Chinese folk beliefs into contemporary Singapore's cityscape, particularly the architecturally conserved Chinatown shophouses, while Return to Pontianak displaces Malay folk beliefs onto the tropical forest, which is mapped as a threatening other(ed) space and serves as Singapore's tropical doppelganger. Both films suggest that these folk beliefs have an unruly presence within the state's seemingly harmonious and meritocratic ethnoracial ideologies.     

Two dimensional spectral classification of stars in the neighborhood of the stellar cluster NGC 2175

Spectral classifications of 1224 O-M stars in different luminosity classes in the neighborhood of NGC 2175 are presented. The classifications are based on low dispersion objective prism spectra. B-V and U-B data for 106 of the 1224 stars are used to obtain MK classifications using the photometric Q method. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 339–341 (May 2008).     

A computer model for forecasting ocean wave parameters at specific sites around the the New Zealand coast

An applications model for forecasting frequency‐directional wave spectra at any appropriately specified site is described. There are two stages to the calculations. Firstly, a spectrum is calculated based on results at nearby gridpoints from an ocean wave prediction model. This is then adjusted to make the spectrum consistent with the local wind history. Verifications of the model are made at sites off Cape Egmont and Great Barrier Island, North Island, New Zealand. These give encouraging results for the shape of the frequency spectrum, with reasonable skill evident in the energetic parts of the spectrum. The significant wave heights also agree well, with the model estimates explaining two thirds of the measured variance.     

An oil slick spectral experiment of nearshore sea water in the East China Sea

Along with the rapid advance in global industrialization, oil spill events caused by offshore operations, trans- portation and accidents are increasing. Compared with ship surveys, monitoring oil spills through remote sensing has real-time, comprehensive, low-cost advantages, which can effectively guide cleaning and evalu- ation, and reduce the marine ecological destruction resulting from oil spills. Therefore, studying the remote sensing mechanism used to monitor marine oil spills is of great significance for ecological environmen- tal protection. This paper describes an experiment and corresponding analysis based on the above-water method, using the East China Sea coastal turbid water. The analysis shows that ＂upward short-wave＂ in ultraviolet and blue-purple bands and its displacement, along with the changing thickness, are important characteristics for distinguishing between the oil slick and the sea water, and also to differentiate oil slicks of different thicknesses. From blue to near-infrared bands, the spectrum of lube oil is flatter than that of diesel, and the diesel spectrum rises faster than the lube spectrum on the right side of the trough at 400 nm. These two features form an important basis for differentiating diesel from lube oil. These analyses will further the development of oil spill remote sensing in the East China Sea.