1961-2007年内蒙古降水时空分布

利用1961-2007年内蒙古43个气象站点长时间序列的降水资料,采用EOF(经验正交函数)、功率谱方法等,结合GIS的空间分析功能,分析了内蒙古自治区47 a里年、季降水量的时空分布特征.研究结果表明:内蒙古年降水大致存在三种主要的类型场:总体一致型、东北一西南向多区域反位相型、相间混合型.四季降水主要有:总体一致型...     

时空轨迹聚类方法研究进展

时空轨迹(Trajectory)是移动对象的位置和时间的记录序列.作为一种重要的时空对象数据类型和信息源,时空轨迹的应用范围涵盖了人类行为、交通物流、应急疏散管理、动物习性和市场营销等诸多方面.通过对各种时空轨迹数据进行聚类分析,可以提取时空轨迹数据中的相似性与异常特征,并有助于发现其中有意义的模式.本文根据时空轨迹数...     

21世纪逐日无缝数据立方体构建方法及逐年逐季节土地覆盖和土地利用动态制图—中国智慧遥感制图iMap （China） 1.0

粮食安全、高质量人居环境建设、生物多样性保护、星球健康等社会可持续发展目标和对地球系统的理解、模拟与管理都迫切需要多尺度、长时序、辐射和几何精度高且一致性强的遥感观测数据集和针对用户需求的、信息主题灵活的制图产品。但是由于技术和成本限制,传统的遥感卫星难以提供同时具有高空间分辨率、高时间频率和高质量的观测数据。现有的制图和反演方案多是针对于单一传感器系列,难以充分挖掘和联合利用多源异构遥感大数据的信息潜力,造成观测时段和分辨率有限、时空一致性和可比性较差。因此,遥感领域迫切需要新的技术范式。本文基于前沿的云计算、人工智能、虚拟星座、时空融合重建等技术,针对现有遥感大数据特别是国产卫星数据,提出一套智慧遥感制图(iMap)框架。该框架从用户需求出发、问题驱动,能够大大改善当前遥感数据产品难以满足农林管理、国情监测、生态环境保护、防灾减灾、城市建设等用户的多样化、高精度地表监测需求的现状。在该框架的指导下,基于亚马逊云计算(AWS)高性能、高弹性、可扩展的分布式计算资源,搭建了在线实时、自动化、无服务器、端到端的遥感大数据生产链和并行制图系统,并生产了首套21世纪中国全境逐日无缝数据立方体(SDC)及逐年逐季节土地覆盖和土地利用制图产品。逐日SDC综合利用Landsat和MODIS卫星数据构建虚拟星座,并通过多源时空数据融合重建技术研制得到无云无缝、高精度的反射率产品,作为分析就绪数据(ARD),为高精度定量遥感反演和制图打下根基。基于这一SDC,完成了逐年逐季节地表制图。逐年平均精度超过80%。在制图过程中,基于多套多层土地覆盖和土地利用分类体系,运用有限样本稳定分类理论,迁移使用全季节普适样本库,采用自动机器学习(AutoML)策略集成优化多种分类器,并结合时空一致性变化检测和后处理技术。这两套制图产品证明了本文提出的智慧遥感制图框架的可行性和有效性。未来将进一步完善和发展该框架,以开放和灵活的理念,为促进中国遥感进一步发展提供新的思路。     

时空数据的动态关联技术研究

为了检测时空数据之间的发展变化关系,本文研究时空数据的动态关联技术,提出了一种动态关联算法和一种基本的时空变化类型。该算法用几何特征和属性特征相结合的方法进行匹配和变化检测,可以匹配时空对象并自动提取变化情况,能够解决一对一、一对多、多对一和多对多的变化关系,并且可以检测出时空对象的移动变化情况。     

时空数据空间特征的动态可视化模型

本文以多时态地理现象空间特征的连续变化过程的动态可视化表达为研究对象,借鉴Flash中逐帧动画和形状补间技术的设计思想,提出一种以时间为驱动的时空数据之空间特征的动态可视化模型:设计一组适用点、线、多边形地理实体的空间特征的图形变形算法,用于在"关键帧"之间插值生成足够多中间时刻的地理现象的空间特征状态作为"中间帧";采用合适的地图动画时间比例尺,连续播放各个"关键帧"和"中间帧",最终实现逼真动画效果的空间特征动态可视化。     

矿区土地动态变化时空数据模型设计

在地下开采活动过程中,矿区地表地理实体具有明显的时空变化特征,本文是在分析现有时空数据模型的基础上,针对矿区采动受损地表实体的损害及修复,按照面向对象的思想,将矿区地面实体分为点、线、面三类,分别对各种受损对象设计了复垦区时空数据模型,在此基础上可以进一步构建矿区土地复垦时空数据库。     

Spatio-temporal drought analysis in the Trakya region,Turkey

Abstract

Since droughts are natural phenomena, their occurrence cannot be predicted with certainty and thus it must be treated as a random variable. Once drought duration and magnitude have been found objectively, it is possible to plan for the transport of water in known quantities to drought-stricken areas either from alternative water resources or from water stored during wet periods. The summation of deficits over a particular period is referred to as the drought magnitude. Drought intensity is the ratio of drought magnitude to its duration. These drought properties at different truncation levels provide significant hydrological and hydrometeorological design quantities. In this study, the run analysis and z-score are used for determining drought properties of given hydrological series. In addition, kriging is used as a spatial drought analysis for mapping. This study is applied to precipitation records for Istanbul, Edirne, Tekirdag and Kirklareli in the Trakya region, Turkey and then the drought period, magnitude and standardized precipitation index (SPI) values are presented to depict the relationships between drought duration and magnitude.     

Spatio-temporal patterns of hydrological processes and their responses to human activities in the Poyang Lake basin,China

Abstract

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China, and plays a major role in flood mitigation, restoration and conservation of the ecological environment in the middle Yangtze River basin. Sediment load and streamflow variations in Poyang Lake basin are important for the scouring and deposition changes of this lake. However, these hydrological processes are heavily influenced by human activities, such as construction of water reservoirs, and land-use/land cover changes. By thorough analysis of long series of sediment and streamflow obtained from five major hydrological stations, we systematically investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of these hydrological processes and the hydrological responses to human activities using the Mann-Kendall trend test, the double cumulative mass curve and the linear regression method. The results show: (1) no significant change in streamflow followed by an increasing tendency after the 1990s that turns to be decreasing about 2000; and (2) a sharp increase of sediment load during the late 1960s and 1970s triggered by extensive deforestation (during the “Cultural Revolution” in China) followed by a tendency to decrease after the early 1980s. Construction of water reservoirs has greatly reduced the sediment load of the Poyang Lake basin, and this is particularly the case in the Ganjiang River, where the sediment load changes may be attributed to the trapping effects of the Wan'an Reservoir, the largest water reservoir within the Poyang Lake basin. There is no evidence to corroborate the influence of water reservoirs on the streamflow variations. It seems that the streamflow variations are subject mainly to precipitation changes, but this requires further analysis. The current study may be of scientific and practical benefit in the conservation and restoration of Poyang Lake, as a kind of wetland, and also in flood mitigation in the middle Yangtze River basin that is under the influence of human activities.

Citation Zhang, Q., Sun, P., Jiang, T. & Chen, X.-H. (2011) Spatio-temporal patterns of hydrological processes and their hydrological responses to human activities in the Poyang Lake basin, China. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(2), 305–318.     

国外犯罪时空分布研究综述

从时间和空间的角度而言,犯罪事件的发生具有一定的规律。采用地理学视角观察犯罪问题,可以揭示其时空分布特征,有助于犯罪的预防与控制。国外学术界和警界对犯罪时空分布研究比较深入,在理论和实践上都有许多成果。本文主要从犯罪时空分布特征识别、犯罪时空分布模型建立、犯罪时空分布模式形成机制这三个方面,介绍和总结了当前国际上犯罪时空分布研究的进展,以期为我国在该领域的研究工作提供借鉴。     

Visualizing and quantifying the movement of vegetative drought using remote-sensing data and GIS

Remote-sensing-based drought monitoring methods provide fast and useful information for a sustainable management strategy of drought impact over a region. Common pixel-based monitoring methods are limited in the analysis of the dynamics of this impact at regional scale. For instance, these hardly allow us to quantify the movement of drought in space and time and to compare drought with rainfall deficits without losing the variability of these events within a region. This study proposed an object-based approach that allowed us to visualize and quantify the spatio-temporal movement of drought impact on vegetation, called vegetative drought, in a region. The GIS software Dynomap was used to extract and track objects. Measures of distance and angle were used for determining the speed and direction of vegetative drought and rainfall deficit objects, calculated from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA's) normalized difference vegetation index and rainfall estimates data. The methods were applied to the two rainy seasons during the drought year 1999 in East Africa. Results showed that vegetative drought objects moved into the southwestern direction at an average angle of??138.5° during the first season and??144.5° during the second season. The speed of objects varied between 38 km dekad^?1 and 185 km dekad^?1 during the first season and between 33 km dekad^?1 and 144 km dekad^?1 during the second season, reflecting the rate of spread between dekads. Vegetative drought objects close to rainfall deficit objects showed similar trajectories and sometimes regions overlapped. This indicated that the two events are related. We conclude that a spatiotemporal relationship existed between the two types of events and that this could be quantified.