Drought in Bulgaria and atmospheric synoptic conditions over Europe

Drought in Bulgaria is analyzed from the multiple viewpoints of statistical occurrence, spatial patterns, and synoptic conditions. A new index of drought, the SD (spatial-dryness) index, characterizes drought by both intensity and spatial extent. The occurrence of the SD index is analyzed using global gridded data sets. Examination of transitional probabilities of multiple months and years with drought occurrence suggests persistence is sufficiently frequent to be important for climate-related environmental planning. Finally, it is shown that specific seasonal synoptic patterns are associated with wet and dry conditions in Bulgaria. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Spatial and temporal variability of pore‐water pressures in residual soil slopes in a tropical climate

It is critical to understand and quantify the temporal and spatial variability in hillslope hydrological data in order to advance hillslope hydrological studies, evaluate distributed parameter hydrological models, analyse variability in hydrological response of slopes and design efficient field data sampling networks. The spatial and temporal variability of field‐measured pore‐water pressures in three residual soil slopes in Singapore was investigated using geostatistical methods. Parameters of the semivariograms, namely the range, sill and nugget effect, revealed interesting insights into the spatial structure of the temporal situation of pore‐water pressures in the slopes. While informative, mean estimates have been shown to be inadequate for modelling purposes, indicator semivariograms together with mean prediction by kriging provide a better form of model input. Results also indicate that significant temporal and spatial variability in pore‐water pressures exists in the slope profile and thereby induces variability in hydrological response of the slope. Spatial and temporal variability in pore‐water pressure decreases with increasing soil depth. The variability decreases during wet conditions as the slope approaches near saturation and the variability increases with high matric suction development following rainfall periods. Variability in pore‐water pressures is greatest at shallow depths and near the slope crest and is strongly influenced by the combined action of microclimate, vegetation and soil properties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

网络地理信息系统（WebGIS）在地震研究中的应用

介绍了网络地理信息系统（WebGIS）的概念、原理、实现技术和发展现状；讨论了WebGIS在地震研究中的重要作用和发展前景；开发了一个地震地质基础信息WebGIS应用系统．该系统基于浏览器／服务器体系结构，能够实现空间数据和GIS应用系统的网络共享和初步的协同工作．这一技术方案在地震研究领域具有广阔的应用前景，很值得推广．      

GIS支持下的山东省土壤侵蚀空间特征分析

利用遥感（RS）技术提取土壤侵蚀信息，在地理信息系统（GIS）支持下，借助数据库管理系统（DBMS），建立空间数据库和属性数据库；以县级行政区域为综合分析单元，计算土壤侵蚀强度综合评价指数并进行分级处理，对山东省土壤侵蚀空间特征进行分析。     

中国市场群落发展机制

市场群落的崛起已成为21世纪初中国市场经济发展的新景观，在概述市场群落的基本特点后，揭示其形成和演化的动力机制；继而对单个市场与群落型市场上经营者的行为方式特征进行了比较分析，表明群落型市场具有多方面的竞争优势；指出市场群落的空间扩张还促进了经济国际化与本地化的有机融合发展，同时认为，市场群落持续发展的根本在于保证商人的可持续发展，并提出了相应的对策建议。     

断裂构造的遥感研究方法综述

断裂构造是一种基本的构造型式。断裂构造遥感研究是高新探测技术与地球科学的有机结合 ,是断裂构造常规研究方法的有益补充和向纵深拓展的必然趋势。该文从总体思路、具体内容、操作方法等各个不同角度系统地论述了断裂构造遥感研究的现状和发展趋势 ,并在断裂构造信息提取、光谱特征分析、空间结构分析 (包括分形分析 )等方面提出了一些观点。     

旅游空间合作研究进展

该文回顾了旅游业空间结构的研究进展,总结出我国旅游业空间结构研究集中在旅游资源分布描述及区划、旅游空间结构演替和区域关系研究、区域旅游开发与规划研究等领域。并从理论研究和个案研究两个方面介绍了我国旅游空间合作研究状况。     

新疆宏观生态的空间分异与变化

根据新疆环境和生态特点，将新疆划分为14个二级生态区进行了研究。结果表明，新疆荒漠与非荒漠生态景观面积大致相当，但空间分异较大。新疆北部荒漠景观占全区域的约1／3，非荒漠景观占2／3，宏观生态相对稳定；新疆东部荒漠景观占全区域的2／3以上，宏观生态十分严峻；新疆南部荒漠景观占全区域的1／2，宏观生态稳定性差。沙漠、绿洲、水体三种主要景观类型中，北疆阿尔泰山南坡、伊犁盆地及南疆叶尔羌－喀什河三角洲地区沙漠化呈降低趋势；天山北坡各段及准噶尔盆地西部，20世纪90年代以来沙漠化明显减缓；新疆东部及南部其余各地区沙漠化均呈现增强趋势。新疆水体景观的变化表现为天然和人工水体面积的消长。近50年来，新疆修建的水库和坑塘等人工水体总面积与同期天然水体缩小的面积基本相当，表明新疆水体景观再近50年来的变化主要体现为水体的空间位移。绿洲景观的变化表明，北疆地区天然绿洲与人工绿洲面积的比例已经从50年代的5：1以上下降到约1：1，南疆由6：1以上下降到3：1左右。天然绿洲的减少是绿洲生态局部劣变的标志。研究还表明，新疆宏观生态的空间分异主要受自然因素的影响，其中，区域降水量的影响最为重要。     

干旱区水土资源时空变化的定量研究

水资源是制约干旱区土地资源开发利用的主要自然因素，水、土资源利用在时间和空间上平衡与否的矛盾影响着干旱区生态环境与社会发展。用定量化的数学模型表示二者的互相影响，能描述、解释和预测二者关系并能为制定对策提供依据。本文首先分析了干旱区土地利用与水资源的相互影响，然后对水土资源相互影响下时空变化的模拟方法和理论进行了综述。一方面从蒸散的计算、模拟地下水补给、模拟区域尺度上土地利用影响、模拟土地管理措施影响、模拟抽取地下水影响、以系统方法模拟土地利用影响等几方面对土地利用影响下水资源的时空变化模拟进行了综述。同时对水资源影响下土地利用变化的模拟从主要考虑水文作用的水文－植被模型的建立应用及引入人为因素为驱动力的土地利用变化模拟两方面做了综述。文章最后进一步概括了干旱区水土资源时空变化模拟的趋势并就此方面的研究提出了三点展望意见。     

The geography of water conflict and cooperation: internal pressures and international manifestations

Studies on transboundary water conflict and cooperation generally consider interstate relations over shared water resources as distinct from intrastate relations. While connections have been made between international water relations and regional relationships in general, it is conceivable that international water conflict and cooperation may also be influenced by domestic water events and vice versa. This paper seeks to investigate the dynamics of water interactions across geographic scale and their relationship to broader international affairs. The research approach involves the creation of an analytical framework for assessing possible linkages between external and internal interactions over freshwater resources. The framework is applied to three case studies – the Middle East, South Asia and Southern Africa – utilizing 'event data'. To validate the findings from the quantitative analyses, the results are compared with conventional qualitative understandings of water and overall relations in the three regions. The comparison demonstrates not only the efficacy of the analytical framework in general, but also highlights, at least in terms of the specific case studies selected, the disparate water dynamics across geographic regions and the importance of considering water events, both national and international, within larger political and historical contexts.