高温高压下含水矿物脱水对斜长岩纵波速度的影响

在1GPa、室温至880℃条件下对斜长岩的纵波速度进行了测量，并对实验产物进行了鉴定分析，讨论了含水矿物脱水对岩石纵波速度的影响。实验结果表明，在680℃左右，由于斜长岩中的含水矿物绢云母和黝帘石开始脱水，矿物脱水产生的流体及其所引起岩石结构的变化可使岩石纵波速度降低10％左右。这意味着通过矿物脱水这一机制可以形成壳内低速层。     

盆地岩石圈结构与油气成藏及分布

本文综述了大陆岩石圈研究现状和克拉通盆地、裂谷盆地和前陆盆地的岩石圈结构特征,指出在古裂谷、褶皱带或区域性深断裂等陆壳构造薄弱带上发育起来的多期叠合盆地,具有很好的含油气前景。大型含油气盆地往往存在地幔上隆、地壳减薄和地壳内低速层,盆地基底沉降与盖层沉积厚度较大。适度的后期构造活动改造和岩浆活动有利于沉积盆地内油气生成与保存。     

试论火山岩储层的类型及其成因特征

本文在总结前人研究的基础上，结合胜利及辽河油田最新资料，提出了一种火山岩油气藏储层分类方案，共分为火山熔岩型、火山碎屑岩型和潜火山岩型3种类型。其中火山碎屑岩型又可分为正常火山碎屑岩型和火山碎屑沉积岩型两种亚类型；潜火山岩型分为隐爆角砾岩型和蚀变岩型两种亚类型。文中结合实例对各种类型储层的成因机制、空间展布特点以及储集性的变化特征进行了阐述和讨论。     

韧性剪切带的变形变质与同构造熔融作用——以中祁连地块宝库河韧性走滑剪切带为例

宝库河韧性剪切带是发育在中祁连地块北缘上的一条向北陡倾,走向近东西,宽约6 km的右行平移型韧性剪切带.剪切带内岩石原岩为泥质岩、基性岩和花岗岩,变质程度达角闪岩相,变形变质温度在685～763±46℃之间,压力在0.62～0.83±0.13 GPa范围内.其内长英质条带非常发育,规模变化较大,分布局部相对集中且受剪切带控制,走向与剪切带一致,平行于叶理,孤立无根,并在后期递进变形过程中发生不同程度的糜棱岩化、布丁化和褶皱,主要成分为长石和石英,明显不同于韧性剪切前或后侵入的花岗岩脉或岩体.长英质条带特征、REE配分模式及剪切带内岩石的变形变质温度说明剪切带内发育的长英质条带与基体是同源的,是在剪切应变过程中剪切热使围岩内部分物质发生动态熔融形成的,是同构造熔融作用的产物.     

Calibration of an oscillating nozzle‐type rainfall simulator

Nozzle‐type rainfall simulators are commonly used in hydrologic and soil erosion research. Simulated rainfall intensity, originating from the nozzle, increases as the distance between the point of measurement and the source is decreased. Hence, rainfall measured using rain gauges would systematically overestimate the rainfall received at the ground level. A simple model was developed to adjust rainfall measured anywhere under the simulator to plot‐wide average rainfall at the ground level. Nozzle height, plot width, gauge diameter and height, and gauge location are required to compute this adjustment factor. Results from 15 runs at different rain intensities and durations, and with different rain gauge layouts, showed that a simple average of measured rain would overestimate the plot‐wide rain by about 20 per cent. Using the adjustment factor to convert measured rainfall for individual gauges before averaging improved the estimate of plot‐wide rainfall considerably. For the 15 runs considered, overall discrepancy between actual and measured rain is reduced to less than 1 per cent with a standard error of 0·97 mm. This model can be easily tested in the ?eld by comparing rainfall depths of different sized gauges. With the adjustment factor they should all give very similar values. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The importance of plant root characteristics in controlling concentrated flow erosion rates

While it has been demonstrated in numerous studies that the aboveground characteristics of the vegetation are of particular importance with respect to soil erosion control, this study argues the importance of separating the influence of vegetation on soil erosion rates into two parts: the impact of leaves and stems (aboveground biomass) and the influence of roots (belowground biomass). Although both plant parameters form inseparable constituents of the total plant organism, most studies attribute the impact of vegetation on soil erosion rates mainly to the characteristics of the aboveground biomass. This triggers the question whether the belowground biomass is of no or negligible importance with respect to soil erosion by concentrated flow. This study tried to answer this question by comparing cross‐sectional areas of concentrated flow channels (rills and ephemeral gullies) in the Belgian Loess Belt for different cereal and grass plant densities. The results of these measurements highlighted the fact that both an increase in shoot density as well as an increase in root density resulted in an exponential decrease of concentrated flow erosion rates. Since protection of the soil surface in the early plant growth stages is crucial with respect to the reduction of water erosion rates, increasing the plant root density in the topsoil could be a viable erosion control strategy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanisms of riverbank failure along the Arno River,central Italy

Riverbanks along the Arno River have been investigated with the aims of de?ning the main mechanisms of failure and retreat, their spatial distribution, and their causes. Geomorphological aspects were investigated by a reconnaissance of riverbank processes, for a number (26) of representative sites. Laboratory and in situ tests were then performed on a selected number of riverbanks (15). Based on the material characteristics, six main typologies of riverbanks have been de?ned, with homogeneous ?ne‐grained and composite banks representing the most frequent types. Slab‐type failures are the most frequent mechanism observed on ?ne‐grained banks, while cantilever failures prevail on composite banks. The role of river stage and related pore water pressure distributions in triggering the main observed mechanisms of failure has been investigated using two different types of stability analysis. The ?rst was conducted for 15 riverbanks, using the limit equilibrium method and considering simpli?ed hypotheses for pore water pressure distribution (annulment of negative pore pressures in the portion of the bank between low water stage and peak stage). Stability conditions and predicted mechanisms of failure are shown to be in reasonably good agreement with ?eld observations. Three riverbanks, representative of the main alluvial reaches of the river, were then selected for a more detailed bank stability analysis, consisting of: (a) de?nition of characteristic hydrographs of the reach with different return periods; (b) modelling of saturated and unsaturated ?ow using ?nite element seepage analysis; and (c) stability analysis with the limit equilibrium method, by adopting pore water pressure values derived from the seepage analysis. The results are compared to those obtained from the previous simpli?ed analysis, and are used to investigate the different responses, in terms of stability, to different hydrological and riverbank conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北燕山裂陷槽中元古代的深水沉积

对燕山沉降带中元古代的沉积相，有关学者大多定位于以滨海－浅海相为主体。根据在冀北地区的研究，于中元古代团山子组、高于庄组、杨庄组、雾迷山组、洪水庄组和铁岭组中发现大量深水沉积，主要有硅质页岩、含锰页岩、深水浊积岩及各种碳酸盐岩溶解相的系列沉积等。这对于深入研究燕山裂陷槽发展演化具有重要意义。     

停止开采深层地下水 修复与改善生态环境

沧州市水资源短缺，深层地下水严重超采，已形成大面积区域地下水位降落漏斗，地面沉降已达2m，生态环境严重恶化．为保障经济社会的可持续发展，要积极引调地表水，开发利用地下咸水，加强雨洪控制利用，逐步替代最后终止深层地下水的开采。从根本上修复和改善生态环境。     

高分辨率卫星影像中阴影的自动提取与处理

高分辨率卫星遥感影像开创了许多新的应用领域，但影像中的阴影是一个必须解决的问题。一方面，它给象影像分类这样的一些应用带来了很大麻烦，另一方面，它提供了物体的高度信息。本文利用纹理分析的方法，通过共生矩阵和相应指数的计算，对高分辨率卫影像中阴影的自动提取与处理作了一个尝试并给出了一些结果。