Land use changes and trends in Human Appropriation of Above Ground Net Primary Production (HANPP) in India (1961–98)

Land use change has the potential to influence energy flows, standing crop and biomass turnover at a variety of scales. To understand and quantify the impact of land use change on natural systems, interdisciplinary approaches and concepts linking biophysical and socioeconomic factors are needed. One such approach for analysing the socioeconomic energy flows from land use changes is Human Appropriated Net Primary Production (HANPP). HANPP is defined as the difference between the net primary production of potential vegetation and the actual net primary production remaining in vegetation after harvest. In this study, we used HANPP to quantify the energy flows consequent upon land use/land cover change from 1961 to 1998 in India. Data from the Food and Agricultural Organization Statistics (FAOSTAT) covering land use/land cover estimates, crop production, harvest and fertilizer use data have been used to analyse the trends in HANPP. Land use changes between 1961 and 1998 indicate a small increase in agricultural areas from 58.2% to 60.8% and in forest and woodland areas from 19.0% to 23.2%. Actual above ground net primary production of vegetation increased from 1280.58 to 1818.23 Tg, an increase of approximately 1.4 times over 37 years. Although population increased exponentially, human appropriation of photosynthetic products did not rise as much due to increases in forest cover and agricultural production. Although the HANPP concept is a useful approach to analyse the trends in photosynthetic products brought about by land use changes and harvesting, more robust indicators are needed to understand the impacts associated with these changes. We discuss the relevance of the HANPP analysis results by focusing on land use/land cover change and exploring the inter-linkages between energy flows and environment.     

Distribution of Early Tertiary volcanic rocks in south Sumatra and west Java

Abstract   The evolution of volcanism in Sumatra and Java during Tertiary and Quaternary time can be divided into three phases: (i) lava flows of the Early Tertiary event (43–33 Ma) consisting of island arc tholeiites; followed by (ii) eruption of tholeiitic pillow basalt at the beginning of the Late Tertiary (11 Ma); and succeeded by (iii) medium-K calc-alkaline magmatism in the Pliocene and Quaternary. The present available field data on the occurrence of Paleogene volcanic rocks and subsurface data in south Sumatra and northern west Java indicate a much larger area of distribution of the volcanic rocks than previously recognized. Because the eastward continuation of the northern west Java volcanic rocks had not been found, early investigators were inclined to assume that they continued to south Kalimantan. In contrast, the early Tertiary volcanic rocks that occupy the south coast of Java can be traced further east as far as Flores. The occurrence of Paleogene volcanics in south Sumatra and northern west Java can be interpreted as a Paleogene volcanic arc that was presumably related to the late Cretaceous–Paleogene trench parallel to Sumatra and west Java due to subduction of the Indian Plate toward the northeast (Meratus trend).     

党河南山金地球化学场研究

地层中金的高丰度及出现金矿床（点）是表征“高大”金地球化学场存在的主要标志，强烈的地表水的冲刷作用与干旱蒸发环境相结合，在相对发育中基性火山岩的党河南山一带形成了既高又大的金地球化学场，变异系数是识别高值区岩金成矿有利程度的敏感指标，金元素的强烈的分异作用与区域地质作用有关，粘土化蚀变在不同的尺度下均具有找矿指示意义， K、Al、Sn是金成矿的重要指示元素，K、Al、Sn、Au、As、Sb六元素的二态值累加等值线图指示黑刺沟一带的成矿远景优于扎子沟一带，说明定量地球化学变量的定性组合在矿床（田）的定位预测中具有重要意义。     

9608号台风低压暴雨形势和能量场分析

１９９６年８月４－５日北京地区的暴雨是台风低压，副热带高压和切变线相互作用的结果。暴雨前存在从华中伸向华北的高能舌，北京能量激增，偏南低空急流不仅为暴雨鞠输送了水汽，能量，急流中的风速脉动还触发了湿有效能量的释放。     

华北地台南缘金矿床的成因和成矿模式

本文阐述了华北地台南缘金矿床构造一半和地质地球化学条件，认为该区金矿具有形成多期性，成因多重性和物质多源性的特征，它们构成了一个完整的成矿系列，据此建立了成矿模式。     

Hurricane 07B in the Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh, India: vulnerability, mitigation and the spatial impact

Few hurricane impact studies provide robust spatial parameters of damage or relate geographical patterns of destruction accurately to storm trajectories or agencies. A detailed spatial analysis is, therefore, presented of the destruction caused by tropical hurricane 07B which made landfall on 6/7 November 1996 over the Godavari Delta region, Andhra Pradesh, eastern India. Patterns of destruction by storm surge, wind and flood water are quantitatively mapped for death tolls, house destruction and agricultural damage using local administrative ( mandal ) data bases. Results show that most impact occurred near the coast, but a well-defined path of destruction across the central part of the delta can be identified. Such mapping studies fail to indicate the types of individuals and social groups most affected by the storm hazard and their response to it. An investigation of landowning farmers, female migrant rural labourers and fishing communities in the delta shows that poverty and social ordering in Indian society puts differential limits on the risk reduction abilities of individuals and social groups in the face of the cyclone hazard. The paper also demonstrates that 'top down' institutional measures to reduce the effects of storm damage such as those introduced in the aftermath of hurricane 07B, including early storm warning and evacuation procedures and rehabilitation programmes, remain largely ineffective. It is suggested that the introduction of more 'bottom up' community-based programmes which seek to improve the risk awareness and risk avoiding abilities of affected individuals and groups would be much more beneficial. The case material on hurricane 07B and its effects are placed in context by reviewing and updating long and medium-term time series records of storm frequencies and impacts in the Bay of Bengal and particularly along the eastern coastline of India.     

关于环南海经济圈的区域整合研究

本文认为环南海地区的国家和地区应积极通力合作，充分利用环南海经济圈形成与发展的有利条件，努力实现区域的多目标整合，建立环南海经济圈，形成一个“规模经济体”，增强区域经济的效率和效益，对抗欧洲及北美贸易集团，捍卫发展中国家的利益。     

对日本兵库县南部地震震灾统计时程曲线的初步分析

本文作者制作了日本兵库县南部地震震灾统计时程曲线，归纳了该曲线的特点，并对此进行了相应的分析。同时，针对我国地震灾情调查和评估提出了一些意见。     

关于日本兵库县南部地震的思考

１９９５年１月１７日日本兵库县南部淡路岛发生７．２级地震，这是近７０年来日本遭受人员伤亡和财产损失最惨重的一次地震，为国际社会所瞩目。本文据现有资料，从地震预测、地震工程以及抗震救灾体制等方面，对这次地震造成严重灾害的原因作了初步分析。另外，本文就近期日本一系列强震的发生，对我国大陆及沿海地区地震活动可能的影响亦作了简要的讨论。