亚欧典型热浪过程的大气环流对比分析

使用探空站实测资料、国家气象中心500 hPa位势高度和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了中国西北和江南地区以及欧洲、印度发生的典型热浪过程及其形成热浪的大气环流系统。结果表明:西风带高压脊和副热带高压的同位相“南北叠加”(表明高压宽广)和低层高压与上层高压的同位相“上下叠加”(表明高压深厚),以及下沉运动和感热、潜热中心的分布,是中国西北和欧洲热浪形成的大气环流原因;而中国江南和印度的热浪,则与副热带高压的异常强大和夏季风活动有关。     

贵州南部晚石炭世一种新的生物礁类型

黔南晚石炭世普遍发育了一套台地相的碳酸盐岩地层,其中多种底栖生物十分繁盛,为深入开展石炭纪生物礁研究提供了有利条件。近几年,随着研究的不断深入,笔者等陆续发现了一些新型的造礁生物,其中一种重要的造礁生物是一种类似藻类的生物。通过大量的野外观察和室内工作,笔者等发现：这种生物是黔南晚石炭世的重要造礁生物类型之一,它在台地边缘生物碎屑滩上以多种生长方式构建礁体。该生物具有两种生长形式：一种是生物体呈波状延续生长,弯曲环绕,层层叠置形成不同类型的纹层或席状;另一种是生物体在纵向和横向上相互交叉,构成规则或不规则的网格状形态。这种礁体的发现,丰富了石炭纪生物礁的类型。     

BP人工神经网络在青藏铁路南段地壳稳定性定量评价中的应用

将BP人工神经网络方法引入区域构造活动性、区域地壳稳定性研究领域,对青藏铁路南段沿线的构造活动性进行定量分析.选用断层运动速率、地震震级、温泉温度及剪切应变4个关键影响因子作为BP人工神经网络的输入向量,构造活动强度(α)作为输出向量,以α为定量判据,将全区划分为相对稳定区(α＜0.22)、较不稳定区(α≈0.22～0.38)、不稳定区(α≈0.38～0.69)、极不稳定区或强烈构造活动区(α≥0.69).在青藏铁路南段沿线划分出格仁错、崩错、当雄-羊八井、错那湖、唐古拉山口南、聂荣东北、聂荣西北、雅鲁藏布江断裂沿线、萨迦等不稳定区,在不稳定区内部进一步划分出申扎、蓬错、尼木、桑雄、羊八井5个极不稳定区.     

Governance and technology transfer in the Clean Development Mechanism in India

Despite significant technological advances in emerging economies, the further development of clean energy technologies in developing countries remains crucial to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with economic development. In this paper we address two significant gaps in the growing body of literature that has assessed the role of the Clean Development Mechanism in promoting the transfer of clean technologies to developing countries. First, we present a qualitative analysis of the governance of the Clean Development Mechanism in India. This provides a basis for understanding the extent to which and the ways in which governance may impact upon the likelihood that projects promote technology transfer. Second, we provide a novel quantification of the level and nature of technology transfer that has occurred in Indian Clean Development Mechanism projects, based on insights from literature on technological capability building. We find that the Clean Development Mechanism in India has produced a negligible number of projects that promote technology transfer if technology transfer is understood as a process of learning about technology. Together these qualitative and quantitative analyses show how politics and governance have contributed to the current form of the Clean Development Mechanism market in India, in which processes of building indigenous technological capabilities have been neglected.     

Daily rainfall projections from general circulation models with a downscaling nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model (NHMM) for south‐eastern Australia

An ensemble of stochastic daily rainfall projections has been generated for 30 stations across south‐eastern Australia using the downscaling nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model, which was driven by atmospheric predictors from four climate models for three IPCC emissions scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1) and for two periods (2046–2065 and 2081–2100). The results indicate that the annual rainfall is projected to decrease for both periods for all scenarios and climate models, with the exception of a few scenarios of no statistically significant changes. However, there is a seasonal difference: two downscaled GCMs consistently project a decline of summer rainfall, and two an increase. In contrast, all four downscaled GCMs show a decrease of winter rainfall. Because winter rainfall accounts for two‐thirds of the annual rainfall and produces the majority of streamflow for this region, this decrease in winter rainfall would cause additional water availability concerns in the southern Murray–Darling basin, given that water shortage is already a critical problem in the region. In addition, the annual maximum daily rainfall is projected to intensify in the future, particularly by the end of the 21st century; the maximum length of consecutive dry days is projected to increase, and correspondingly, the maximum length of consecutive wet days is projected to decrease. These changes in daily sequencing, combined with fewer events of reduced amount, could lead to drier catchment soil profiles and further reduce runoff potential and, hence, also have streamflow and water availability implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Satellite-tracked drifting buoy observations in the south equatorial current in the Indian Ocean

Three satellite-tracked drifting buoys released in the south equatorial current in the Indian Ocean followed the path of the current moving westward approximately zonally in the vicinity of 10 S latitude. On nearing the east coast of Africa two buoys moved north and the third moved south. Over the open sea regime the buoys moved with a speed of approximately 30 cm/s at an angle of about 35° to the left of the wind. The overall tendencies seen in the buoy drift are similar to those observed elsewhere in the world oceans.     

Dimorphism in Placenticeras mintoi from the Upper Cretaceous Bagh Beds, central India

The Upper Cretaceous Bagh Beds yield many biota of which ammonoids are particularly well known. Previously Bagh ammonoids were grouped into many genera and species within several families. The present study, however, shows that failure to recognize dimorphism and a wide range of interspecific variation within the single genus Placenticeras perhaps results in taxonomic oversplitting. Specific dimorphism in P. mintoi has been established.     

桐城桐山－庐江大化下古生界飞来峰及其地质意义

桐城桐山－庐江大化的飞来峰位于早白垩世杨湾组（Ｋ＿１ｙ）弱变形的紫红色陆相碎屑岩之上，由下古生界的硅化粗晶灰岩，白云质灰岩及硅质岩组成，岩层强烈碎裂。其中伴生的张裂隙及剪切石香肠指示岩层由南东向北西逆冲。这一飞来峰的形成与郊庐断裂南段平移作用产生的次级逆冲有关。是由此产生的推覆体差异剥蚀的结果，这种次级逆冲推覆作用发生在扬子板块前陆褶冲带的变形之后。     

印度铁路网的发展模式

水文阐述了印度铁路网的发展背景和历史进程，分析了铁路网目前状况和发展远景，无疑将对我国铁路网建设有一定的借鉴意义。