山东烟台地区苹果果园土壤中DDTs和HCHs残留分布特征与来源解析

为研究不同土壤类型中有机氯农药的残留特征、降解程度和来源途径,采集了山东烟台9个不同地质单元苹果园根系土壤和剖面土壤样品,用电子捕获检测器气相色谱法测定其中的滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)。结果表明,研究区所有类型根系土壤中DDTs和HCHs均未超出《土壤环境质量标准》的二级土壤限值(500 ng/g);土壤中DDTs的残留量及检出率均高于HCHs,DDTs检出率为100%,平均残留量为71.7ng/g,而HCHs的检出率为19.70%,平均残留量为7.9 ng/g;根系土壤中DDTs各异构体平均浓度依次为p,p’-DDT>p,p’-DDE>o,p’-DDT>p,p’-DDD,而HCHs大部分以α-HCH形式存在,部分以β-HCH、γ-HCH存在。不同类型土壤中有机氯农药残留分布特征明显不同:DDTs在棕壤土(臧家庄)中最高(145.5 ng/g),在中粗粒砂土(武宁)中最低(24.1 ng/g);而HCHs在细砂质壤土(蛇窝泊)中最高(27.9ng/g)。各剖面土壤DDTs均在<20 cm层位中残留最高。DDTs和HCHs来源解析表明:研究区土壤为好氧条件;麻砂棕壤(官道和桃村)、黏细壤土(牟平)、细砂质壤土(蛇窝泊)和棕壤土(臧家庄)近年来仍有新的DDTs输入;大部分根系土壤均未发现HCHs新来源,但麻砂棕壤(桃村)在HCHs禁用后可能仍存在林丹的使用。     

控制内蒙古二连盆地达尔其油田石油富集度的关键因素——不同油源原油的混合作用

在对3套烃源岩的质量和成熟度描述基础上,通过对原油物理性质、族组成和生物标志化合物参数的研究,在达尔其油田内划分出成熟度有明显差异的低熟油和成熟油。油源对比结果认为它们分别由都红木组一段低熟烃源岩和阿尔善组二段成熟烃源岩所生。推测成熟度参数介于低熟和成熟之间的原油为混源油。通过原油混合试验和油砂连续抽提试验证实了混源油的推测。通过油藏剖面中不同性质油层的分布特征研究,结合断层发育史与油气运移关系分析认为不同油源原油的混合是控制该油田石油富集度较高的关键因素。此外,还分析了控制混源的断层组合特征。     

运用H、O同位素分析石阡地区地热水来源

通过对贵州省石阡地区地热水、冷泉及河流的地热地质条件、水化学成分及氢氧同位素分析,对该地区的地热水、冷泉及河流的水化学特征、来源及石阡地区的补给模式进行了研究.温泉水属于低中矿化度的弱碱性水;温泉群中阳离子以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以SO42-和HCO3-为主,研究区水化学类型主要为HCO3-Ca和SO4.HCO...     

基于L-BFGS算法和同时激发震源的频率多尺度全波形反演

全波形反演可以利用叠前地震波场的运动学和动力学信息重建地下速度结构,具有揭示复杂地质背景下构造与岩性细节信息的潜力。然而,庞大的计算量和存储空间需求,限制了全波形反演的发展。在频率多尺度全波形反演中将L BFGS数值优化算法与同时激发震源技术相结合的方法来改善这一现状。首先,对Marmousi模型进行了速度反演：在计算过程中明显发现对计算机内存的占用减少,最终反演结果与实际Marmousi模型的拟合误差为0.095 9,较小;采用10个频带单炮震源正演384炮所需时间约为32 640 s,而采用同时激发震源（384炮）正演一次所需时间仅约为700 s。然后,基于高速楔形体模型进行了抗噪能力研究：原始含噪地震记录信噪比为11.147 3 dB;对反演得到的速度模型进行正演,其地震记录信噪比为22.251 8 dB。最后,基于逆冲断层模型进行了反演速度扰动能力研究,反演得到的最终模型很清晰,与具有速度扰动特性的实际模型非常接近,拟合误差仅为0.036 0。数值模拟试验结果表明：此方法反演精度高,内存开销较小,能够显著提高计算效率,并且具有良好的抗噪能力,能够反演出具有速度扰动特性的介质。     

Using stable isotopes to understand seasonal and interannual dynamics in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation in precipitation

Stable isotopes in precipitation are useful tracers to strengthen understanding of climate change and hydrological processes. In this study, the moisture sources of 190 precipitation events in Beijing were analysed using the Hybrid Single‐particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, based on which we studied the relation between variations in precipitation δ¹⁸O and dynamics in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation in seasonal and interannual timescales. Categorization of 7 groups of moisture sources was performed, among which oceanic moisture sources presented lower δ¹⁸O in precipitation than continental moisture sources. The results show that seasonal variations of precipitation δ¹⁸O were caused by changes of moisture sources. In summer, moisture from proximal oceans dominated vapour transport to Beijing due to increasing monsoon strength and resulted in a relatively small variation of precipitation δ¹⁸O. At the interannual timescale, the variations of δ¹⁸O in summer precipitation were related to dynamics in oceanic moistures, showing depleted values when the contribution of oceanic moistures, especially the proportion of long‐distance oceanic moisture, was high. Further analysis indicated that changes of oceanic moisture sources were controlled by the strength of summer monsoons. These findings address the complexity of moisture sources in midlatitude monsoon areas and suggest that isotopic signals in precipitation have the potential to deduce changes in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation and can therefore serve for palaeoclimate reconstruction.     

利用水化学场,温度场判断矿坑水补给源及其比例

不同补给源的水,其水质、水温存在差异。根据质量和热量守恒原理,通过对不同补给水源进行长期观察,可确定矿坑水的补给源及其比例。作者推导出了存在二种和三种补给水源情况下各补给水源所占比例的计算公式,并应用到湖南洞口县的石下江煤矿,取得了良好效果。     

废旧放射源的检测方法及其应用

根据地勘行业所用放射源的特点，确定了废旧放射源的种类、活度、表面剂量率和表面污染率等参数的检测方法，并将方法应用于对上百个未知放射源进行检测和档案整理，效果较好。     

秦岭主峰太白山北麓降水化学特征分析

利用太白山北麓2011年12月-2013年7月共39次降水样品数据资料, 定量分析了该区域降水化学的特征和时间变化规律. 结果表明: 太白山北麓地区降水中, 除常量离子Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、F^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-外, CO₃^2-、HCO₃^-、PO₄^3-及低分子有机酸也占有相当比例. 研究区降水常量离子浓度的顺序依次为: NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Ca²⁺ > NO₃^- > Na⁺ > Cl^- > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > F^-, 离子总浓度表现出明显的季节变化: 夏季(轻度污染) < 秋季(中等污染) < 春季(严重污染) < 冬季(极重污染). 利用因子分析法得出太白山北麓地区降水组分主要有三种来源; Na⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺主要来自地壳源, SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺主要来自人为源, K⁺和F^-主要由海盐源和人为源共同贡献. 根据Hysplit 后向气流轨迹分析, 得出不同路径气团降水离子组分不同: 受地形等因素影响, 北方路径的气团比南方路径气团离子总浓度较高; 受土壤类型影响, 西北方向气团降水Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺浓度较高; 受人为活动影响, 东北方向SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺浓度较高.     

Application of the Single-Bubble Airgun Technique for OBS-Data Acquisition Across the Jan Mayen Ridge,North Atlantic

A 140 km long wide-angle seismic profile has been acquired by use of 6 Ocean Bottom Seismographs across the Jan Mayen Ridge, North Atlantic. The profile was acquired twice; once with a traditionally tuned standard source and secondly with a somewhat smaller source tuned on the first bubble pulse. Analysis of the frequency content of the data reveals that the single-bubble source within the 10-15 Hz frequency range generates a signal with a level about 5 db above that of the standard source. These differences can partly be related to differences in airgun depth. The higher output level for these frequencies enables the single-bubble source to resolve intra-crustal structures with a higher degree of certainty, when compared to the data acquired by use of the standard source array. The standard source seems to generate slightly more energy for frequencies around 6 Hz, probably due to the use of a large 1200 in/sup3 gun in this array. These low frequencies a re of importance for mapping of lower crustal and upper mantle structures, and it is recommended that this is taken into account when seismic sources for mapping of deep crustal and upper mantle structures are designed.     

Baseline metals pollution profile of tropical estuaries and coastal waters of the Straits of Malacca

The status report on metal pollution in tropical estuaries and coastal waters is important to understand potential environmental health hazards. Detailed baseline measurements were made on physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, redox potential, electrical conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid), major ions (Na, Ca, Mg, K, HCO₃, Cl, SO₄ and NO₃) and metals concentrations (²⁷Al, ⁷⁵As, ¹³⁸Ba, ⁹Be, ¹¹¹Cd, ⁵⁹Co, ⁶³Cu, ⁵²Cr, ⁵⁷Fe, ⁵⁵Mn, ⁶⁰Ni, ²⁰⁸Pb, ⁸⁰Se, ⁶⁶Zn) at estuaries and coastal waters along the Straits of Malacca. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to reveal potential pollution sources. Seven principal components were extracted with relation to pollution contribution from minerals-related parameters, natural and anthropogenic sources. The output from this study will generate a profound understanding on the metal pollution status and pollution risk of the estuaries and coastal system.