Geophysical surveys for identifying saline groundwater in the semi‐arid region of the central Altiplano,Bolivia

In the central part of the Bolivian Altiplano, the shallow groundwater presents electrical conductivities ranging from 0·1 to 20 mS/cm. In order to study the origin of this salinity pattern, a good knowledge is required of the geometry of the aquifer at depth. In this study, geophysics has been used to complement the sparse data available from drill holes. One hundred time‐domain electromagnetic (TDEM) soundings were carried out over an area of 1750 km². About 20 geological logs were available close to some of the TDEM soundings. Three intermediate results were obtained from the combined data: (i) the relationship between the electrical conductivity of the groundwater and the formation resistivity, (ii) geoelectrical cross‐sections and (iii) geoelectrical maps at various depths. The limited data set shows a relationship between resistivity and the nature of the rock. From the cross‐sections, a conductive substratum with a resistivity of less than 1 Ω·m was identified at most of the sites at depths ranging from 50 to 350 m. This substratum could be a clay‐rich formation containing brines. Using derived relationships, maps of the nature of the formation (sandy, intermediate and clayey sediments) were established at depths of 10 and 50 m. Discrimination between sand and clays was impossible where groundwater conductivity is high (>3 mS/cm). In the central part of the area, where the groundwater conductivity is low, sandy sediments are likely to be present from the surface to a depth of more than 200 m. Clayey sediments are more likely to be present in the south‐east and probably constitute a hydraulic barrier to groundwater flow. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the efficiency of the TDEM sounding method to map conductive zones. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西秦岭洮坪地区花岗岩内部接触关系及等级体制填图

岩体内部接触关系的研究是花岗岩等级体制划分及填图的唯一途径。1:5万区调证实,以造山带复杂地壳组份为背景的西秦岭洮坪地区花岗岩类发育,其成因为以S型为主兼有Ⅰ型,因而兼有结构序列和成分序列双重演化规津。这对更有效地综合运用两种类型的划分方法和划分原则来进行超单元—单元划分并指导填图提供了方便。本文着重介绍划分原则、划分方案及野外识别复式岩浆侵入序次和演化序列等重要特征的内部接触关系。     

Equilibrium relations for water and sediment transport in the Yellow River

The equilibrium relations for water and sediment transport refer to the relative balance of sediment transport and the relative stability of river courses formed by the automatic adjustment of riverbeds.This is the theoretical basis for the comprehensive management of sediment in the Yellow River.Based on the theories of sediment carrying capacity and the delayed response of riverbed evolution,in this study,the equilibrium relations for water and sediment transport in the Yellow River are established.These relations include the equilibrium relationships between water and sediment transport and bankfull discharge in the upper and lower Yellow River and between water and sediment transport and the Tongguan elevation in the middle Yellow River.The results reveal that for the Ningmeng reach,the Tongguan reach,and the lower Yellow River,erosion and deposition in the riverbeds are adjusted automatically,and water and sediment transport can form highly constrained equilibrium relationships.These newly established equilibrium relationships can be applied to calculate the optimal spatial allocation scheme for sediment in the Yellow River.     

中国城市化与经济发展关系的省际格局（英文）

Understanding the relationship between China's urbanization and economic development on a provincial scale is of profound theoretical and practical significance.Based on data from 124 countries or regions throughout the world and 31 provinces or autonomous regions in China,applying improved methods using the quadrant map approach,this paper analyzed the spatial pattern of the relationship between China's urbanization and economic development level.The study identified the following results.(1) The 31 province-level regions fall into six categories:only one region is in the category of sharp over-urbanization,3 regions are in medium over-urbanization,11 slight over-urbanization,8 basic coordination,one medium under-urbanization,and seven slight under-urbanization.(2) There are significant regional differences on a provincial scale in the relationships between urbanization and the level of economic development.(3) The provincial pattern of urbanization and economic development is significantly different between east and west.The eastern coastal areas are mainly over-urbanized,while the central and western regions are mainly under-urbanized.(4) The relationship between urbanization and the level of economic development is similar to the Matthew effect.Hence,two important insights are proposed.First,the phenomenon of over-urbanization in some developed regions should be viewed with some concern and vigilance.Second,urbanization needs to be speeded up moderately in the central and western regions.     

基于地籍数据库更新的历史数据的组织和查询方法研究

地籍数据库更新过程中必须考虑如何保存和组织历史地籍数据,以便于对历史地籍数据的查询与应用。本文提出一种新的地籍数据库更新系统模型,据此设计了现势库和历史库相应的数据结构;同时根据时空拓扑关系分析,本文扩展对历史地籍数据的查询类型。     

构建结点上弧-弧拓扑关系的类方位角算法

同一结点上弧-弧拓扑关系的建立对多边形的自动生成具有重要意义,为了更好地描述同一结点上弧段间的拓扑关系,本文在考虑算法效率、可靠性和稳定性的基础上,通过引入方向夹角和类方位角概念,提出并实现了一种建立结点上弧-弧拓扑关系的类方位角算法.为检验算法的有效性,选取两个城市的道路交通网络进行了拓扑构建实验,通过与传统角度算法...     

多尺度矢量地图数据关联自动更新研究

多级比例尺矢量地图数据库一旦建成以后,数字制图的核心就从数据生产转为数据更新.小比例尺矢量地图数据库建库时必须依靠大量人机交互从大比例尺数据派生,但更新时再采取各比例尺分别独立更新的策略显然就不合时宜,既消耗大量人力和财力,又不能保证不同尺度数据之间的一致性.提出一种多尺度矢量地图数据关联自动更新方法,对于已经建成的多...     

基于文献统计的地理信息共享研究视角分析

地理信息共享是近年来地理信息系统领域的研究热点之一.自地理信息共享环境的概念提出以来,许多学者从不同的视角对地理信息共享进行了研究和论述.论文用文献计量学的方法,从研究视角的角度,对国内外的同地理信息共享相关的文献进行了定量分析,对地理信息共享的研究视角进行了评述,分析了当前的研究视角存在的一些问题.定量分析的结果还表...     

时间拓扑关系在单个要素历史管理中的应用

当前的GIS大多基于图层的技术实现历史变化信息的管理,不具有存储单个要素时空属性的机制。对此,改进了ISO的时间模型,并提出了一种时间拓扑关系模型,目的是便于对单个要素的历史信息进行有效的管理。实验表明,该模型可以实现单个要素的历史信息查询。     

Re-examination of Trends Related to Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific Basin

In order to re-examine some trends related to tropical cyclones（TCs） over the western North Pacific since 1949,the unreliable maximum sustained wind(V_max) recorded in the 1949-1978 TC best-track data from the Shanghai Typhoon Institute was modified based on the wind-pressure relationships（WPRs） in this study. Compared to the WPR scheme based on the cyclostrophic balance,the WPR scheme based on the gradient balance could give a better fit to TCs under higher wind speeds and could introduce smaller estimated errors for TCs locating at higher latitudes as well as TCs landing on the continent.After the V_max modification based on minimum sea-level pressure and TC center latitude,the revised annual number of category 4-5 typhoons shows no long-term trend,while the potential destructiveness measured by power-dissipation index decreases slightly,and this trend is not significant in the period 1949-2008.