华东地区现代地壳应力场及地震断层错动性质

使用143组中、小地震单震震源机制解和17组小区域综合机制解资料,统计分析了华东地区的现代构造应力场特征。华东地区现今处在NEE向(80°左右)主压、NNW向(350°左右)主张应力场的控制下;主应力作用方式以水平和近水平为主。在应力场方向和作用方式基本一致的背景上,不同地震构造分区存在一些差异,这些差异可能与相应区域主要活动断裂的主体分布方向有关,可能表征了现存构造对地震错动特征的影响和控制作用。现代中、小地震震源机制解,历史中、强地震和现代有感地震最内等震线长轴方向等资料显示华东地区地震主要沿NE,NW2个方向破裂错动,兼有NNE,NEE,NWW或近EW方向。以走滑和近走滑方式为主,兼有少量斜向滑动。地震断层的错动方式存在某些分区差异。华东地区历史中、强地震以NE向破裂错动为主,而现代中强地震在陆域以NW-SE为主,海域NE,NW兼有     

Comparative analysis between analytical approximations and numerical solutions describing recession flow in unconfined hillslope aquifers

Recession flow of aquifers from a hillslope can be described by the non-linear Boussinesq equation. Under strong assumptions and for specific conceptual formulations, different authors derived analytical approximations or linearized versions to this partial differential equation. A comparative analysis between some analytical approximations of the Boussinesq equation and the numerical solution of the recession flow of an unconfined homogeneous aquifer (horizontal, inclined and concave aquifer floor) was carried out. The objective was to define the range where the analytical solutions approximate the numerical solution. The latter was considered in this study as the reference method, because it requires fewer assumptions. From the considered analytical approximations, exponential decay relationships were found to be mainly valid for fine domain materials when horizontal, mild slopes (less than 2%) and concave aquifer floors were considered, but failed to reproduce coarse aquifer numerical model outflows, in contrast to the quadratic decay relationship, which better reproduce outflows in such domains. On the basis of the comparative analysis, it has been found that recession flows obtained with the considered analytical approximations yield similar values only for certain ranges of aquifer properties and geometries.

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Résumé L’écoulement de décrue dans les aquifères de versant peut être décrit par l’équation non-linéaire de Boussinesq. En considérant d’importantes hypothèses et des formulations conceptuelles spécifiques, différents auteurs ont dérivé des approximations analytiques ou des versions linéarisées de cette équation partielle différentielle. Une analyse comparative entre des approximations analytiques de l’équation de Boussinesq et une solution numérique de la décrue d’un aquifère homogène libre (limite inférieure de l’aquifère horizontale, inclinée et concave) a été effectuée. L’objectif était de définir la plage pour laquelle les solutions analytiques approchent la solution numérique. Cette dernière a été considérée dans cette étude comme la méthode de référence car elle demande moins d’hypothèses. Parmi les approximations analytiques considérées, les relations de décroissance exponentielle se sont avérées être principalement valides pour des matériaux fins lorsque des couches aquifères horizontales, concaves et de pentes douces (moins de 2%) étaient considérées; en revanche, celles-ci n’ont pas réussi à reproduire les écoulements sortants d’un modèle numérique pour un aquifère à matériaux grossiers, contrairement à la relation de décroissance quadratique qui reproduit mieux les écoulements sortants dans de tels milieux. Sur la base de l’analyse comparative, il s’est avéré que les écoulements en décrue obtenus avec les approximations analytiques considérées présentent des valeurs similaires seulement pour certains critères géométriques et propriétés de l’aquifère.

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Resumen Puede describirse el flujo de recesión de acuíferos de una ladera mediante la ecuación no-lineal de Boussinesq. Bajo fuertes supuestos y para formulaciones conceptuales específicas, distintos autores han derivado aproximaciones analíticas o versiones lineales para esta ecuación parcial diferencial. Se realizó un análisis comparativo entre algunas aproximaciones analíticas de la ecuación de Boussinesq y la solución numérica del flujo de recesión de un acuífero homogéneo no confinado (piso de acuífero cóncavo, inclinado, y horizontal). El objetivo consistió en definir el rango donde las soluciones analíticas aproximan la solución numérica. En este estudio se consideró la solución numérica como el método de referencia debido a que requiere menores supuestos. De las aproximaciones analíticas consideradas se encontró que las relaciones de desintegración exponencial eran principalmente válidas para materiales de ámbitos finos donde se consideraron pisos de acuíferos horizontal, pendientes medianas (menores a 2%) y cóncavos pero fallaron en reproducir flujos de salida de modelos numéricos de ámbito grueso, en contraste con la relación de desintegración cuadrática la cual reproduce mejor los flujos de salida en tales ámbitos. En base al análisis comparativo se encontró que los flujos de recesión obtenidos con las aproximaciones analíticas consideradas aportaron valores similares solo para ciertos rangos de propiedades y geometrías de acuíferos.

     

Scale-dependent hydraulic conductivity in anisotropic media from dimensional cross-over

A cross-over from 1D conduction to 3D conduction with increasing scale is shown to account for the kind of scale-dependent hydraulic conductivity sometimes observed in anisotropic systems. The cross-over is investigated in the context of the application of continuum percolation theory to a random fractal model. The dimensional cross-over is defined in terms of a comparison between the correlation length from percolation theory and the system dimensions.

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Résumé Le passage d’une conductivité 1D à une conductivité 3D, avec une échelle d’étude croissante, est étudié de manière à supputer les dépendances de la conducticité hydraulique aux échelles, parfois observées dans les systèmes anisotropiques. Ce passage est investigué dans le contexte d’une application de la théorie de la percolation continue à un modèle fractal probabiliste. Le passage dimensionnel est définit en terme de comparaison entre la longueur de corrélation issue de la théorie de la percolation, et les dimensions du système.

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Resumen Se muestra un cruce de conducción en 1D a conducción 3D con escala creciente para explicar el tipo de conductividad hidráulica dependiente de escala que se observa algunas veces en sistemas anisotrópicos. Se investiga el cruce en el contexto de la aplicación de la teoría de percolación continua a un modelo fractal aleatorio. El cruce dimensional se define en términos de una comparación entre la longitud de correlación de la teoría de percolación y las dimensiones del sistema.

     

Seismic characteristics and kinematic models of Makkah and central Red Sea regions

Makkah and central Red Sea regions have been re-evaluated from recent earthquake data analysis. Epicenters of recent seismic activity are concentrated in three local seismic zones. These are Ad Damm fault (NE), Nu’man–Makkah–Fatima (NW), and Jeddah-Red Sea (NW) seismic zones. Moreover, an extended seismic zone along the central part of Red Sea is observed. Most of these epicenters are distributed along tectonic faults, as indicated from the subsurface structure analysis of the aeromagnetic anomaly map. Some epicenters of small magnitudes are inaccurately located. The study indicates the existence of large active structural basin south of Makkah region, which traverse Ad Damm fault zone with the Red Sea transform faults. Slip vector analyses were carried out for 50 available earthquake focal mechanisms around Makkah region. In Nu’man, Makkah, and Fatima structural zones, the slip vectors generally trend NW and NNW. However, in the southern part at the Ad Dam structure zone, the slip vector trends NE–SW. These may result from the current complicated drifting motion of Arabian plate away from African plate combined with the opening of the Red Sea rift.     

Improvement of kerogen structural interpretations based on oxidation products isolated from aqueous solutions

A detailed investigation of kerogen oxidation products remaining in aqueous solutions after the usual isolation of degradation products by extraction with ether or precipitation, was carried out for the first time in kerogen structural studies. Three shale samples were investigated: Green River shale (type I kerogen), Toarcian shale, Paris Basin (type II), and Mannville shale, Canada (type III). The yields of acids from aqueous solutions were noticeable: 12.98, 15.32 and 22.32%, respectively, based on initial kerogens. Qualitative and quantitative capillary GC/MS analysis showed that the ratios of different kinds of identified acids depended much on the type of precursor kerogen. Some of the acids identified in aqueous solutions have not been found earlier among the degradation products of the same kerogen samples, or were obtained in different ranges and yields. Consequently, slight modifications were suggested of the image on the nature of various types of kerogens based on examination of ether-soluble acids only. Namely, slightly higher proportions of aromatic and alkane-polycarboxylic acids in the total oxidation products of both type I and type II kerogens indicated larger participation of aromatic and alicyclic and/or heterocyclic structures in these two kerogens. On the other hand, for type III Mannville shale kerogen, a somewhat larger share of aliphatic type structures was demonstrated.     

Seawater Intrusion in Semi-Closed Convergent Estuaries (Case Study of Moroccan Atlantic Estuaries): Application of Salinity Analytical Models

Salinity is an important parameter influencing the water quality of estuaries, and can constitute a serious problem to society due to the need for freshwater for industry and agriculture. Therefore, the determination of salt intrusion length in estuaries is a challenge for managers as well as scientists in this field. The managers tend to use simple and reliable tools for salinity variation. Although 2-D and 3-D numerical models are common tools for the prediction of salinity intrusion now, analytical models of salinity variation are much more efficient, and also require minimal sets of river data. In this paper, two analytical solutions, Brockway and Savenije used worldwide to assess longitudinal salinity variation in alluvial estuaries, are applied to the Moroccan Atlantic semi-closed estuaries, i.e., Sebou and Loukkos. The solutions are derived from salt convection-dispersion equations, with different assumptions for the dispersion coefficient. The estuaries' bathymetry is described by an exponential function. The performance of these two solutions was evaluated by comparing their results with field-measured salinity data. The Brockway model's salinity predictions performs well to observations especially in downstream reaches of the two estuaries (Sebou: R² = 0.95, root mean square error [RMSE] = 1.50‰, normalized root mean square error [NRMSE] = 3.45‰; Loukkos: R² = 0.95, RMSE = 1.13‰, NRMSE = 3.01‰), while the Savenije model outperformed the Brockway's model and is better to predict salt intrusion length and salinity variation along the two estuaries (Sebou: R² = 0.97, RMSE = 1.15‰, NRMSE = 2.85‰; Loukkos: R² = 0.98, RMSE = 0.95‰, NRMSE = 1.94‰). This revealed that both analytical solutions apply well to the estimation of salinity variation and the prediction of salt intrusion in these two estuaries.     

花岗岩露天关闭矿山生态修复技术应用北大核心CSCD

矿山生态修复是贯彻落实“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念、实施“山水林田湖草沙”生态保护修复工程的重要举措,其中坚硬岩石高陡边坡生态修复是矿山环境修复的难点与热点问题。以苏州市金山浜花岗岩露天关闭矿山生态修复项目为例,调查分析矿山地质环境问题,针对矿山植被覆盖度低、地貌景观破损造成视觉污染及地质灾害现状,采用削坡清坡、浆砌片石格构植被护坡、客土喷播、锚固铁丝网砼筑围堰、废弃地平整覆土、截排水及植被养护等技术对矿山进行生态修复。实践表明:采取的技术方案使花岗岩边坡安全稳定,坡面植被覆盖率达85%以上,废弃地得到整理利用,改善了矿山生态环境和景观面貌,提升了环太湖风景区的生态环境品质。